Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease. Recently, different non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been found to contribute to Alzheimer's disease's pathogenesis. Extracellular vehicles could be enriched in ncRNAs and in their role in mediating intercellular communication. Signatures of extracellular vesicular ncRNAs have shown them to be a potential biomarker in Alzheimer's disease. This perspective discusses the potential role of extracellular vehicle ncRNAs in Alzheimer's disease, providing a theoretical basis for extracellular vesicular ncRNAs in Alzheimer's disease, from pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease with a prevalence rate of 32% in people aged 85 or older, accounting for 60-80% of all dementia cases
There has been an exponential increase in studies of the roles of extracellular vehicle (EV) and extracellular vesicular non-coding RNA (ncRNA) in the pathogenesis of AD and their biomarker potential
Recent studies investigating EV ncRNAs mainly focused on miRNAs
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disease with a prevalence rate of 32% in people aged 85 or older, accounting for 60-80% of all dementia cases. MiRNAs are 17∼22 nucleotides in length and suppress target gene expression via binding to the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the target gene, leading to mRNA decay or translation inhibition [4]. LncRNAs can act as epigenetic modulators and can promote or suppress transcription, splice or translate, through four main mechanisms: (1) guiding specific proteins; (2) binding to and inhibiting a protein target; (3) serving as a scaffold; and (4) acting as a cellular signal [6]. Dysregulation of ncRNAs in EVs have been identified in both serum and CSF in AD patients [16, 17, 20,21,22]. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membranous structures of endosomal origin circulating in the extracellular space, considered a novel mode of intercellular communication. Oligodendrocytes, neurons, astrocytes, and embryonic neural stem cells have been described to release EVs [23, 24]
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