Abstract
While the main concerns with municipal solid waste in developed countries like the European Union and the United States are to reduce and recycle the energy recover in order to drastically reduce the residues disposal to landfill, for developing countries the targets on waste management are much more basic. This seems to be the case in Brazil that with a new regulation, it still attempts to eradicate the inadequate waste disposal for open dumps. Thus, the aim of this paper is to depict the context, the criteria and discuss the strategies used for: the municipalities achieve the goals and adhere the plan; choice and configuration of disposal sites; and economic instruments adopted and bringing the whole scenario to discussion, including methane emissions inventory thru the case study of the Rio de Janeiro State. The Rio de Janeiro State municipal solid waste management scenario has drastically changed in last five years from 9% of residues sent to adequate destinations, to the perspective of eradication of open dumps before the end of 2014. The results indicate that only adequate disposal of waste is mandatory with the prevalence of the sanitation approach. The evidences also indicate that planning goals to reduce waste are modest and the landfill gas recover is generally accepted as the optimal solution. This paper concludes that, unless the stakeholders add to the plan a more aggressive policy to increment, the competitiveness of other waste technologies that favor the landfilling reduction and energy recover, Rio de Janeiro State will face the increase of landfill numbers and sizes, management cost, environmental and leachate impact, post-closure care expenses, contaminating life-span, and methane emissions.
Highlights
While the United States reuses, recycles and recovers 54% of their municipal solid waste (MSW) [1], in some countries of West Europe the destination to landfills is almost over (Figure 1), the attention in developing countries is far basic and directly related to public health maintenance [2], as the reduction and the adequate destination of MSW. This is the case of Brazil that until 2008 it still sent almost 50% (183 thousand tonnes per day) (1 tonne = 1000 kg) to inadequate destinations [3]
Rio de Janeiro State is responsible for 7% or 16,163 tonnes/day from 92 municipalities of 15 million habitants
The rest of the 72 municipalities, or 41%, disposed their waste at open dumps indiscriminately, including the capital. These rates are below all other states of southeast region which sent only 18.7% to open dumps
Summary
While the United States reuses, recycles and recovers 54% of their municipal solid waste (MSW) [1], in some countries of West Europe the destination to landfills is almost over (Figure 1), the attention in developing countries is far basic and directly related to public health maintenance [2], as the reduction and the adequate destination of MSW This is the case of Brazil that until 2008 it still sent almost 50% (183 thousand tonnes per day) (1 tonne = 1000 kg) to inadequate destinations (open dumps) [3]. Brazil recently launched the National Policy of Solid Residues (NPSR) that forbids the inadequate waste disposal, and incorporates modern concepts of waste management as (MMA, 2012): 1) sectorial agreements; 2) life cycle and 3) joint responsibility; 4) reverse logistics; 5) compulsory waste selective collection; 6) final destination minimization (reuse, recycle, recover); and 7) waste-to-energy solution stimuli In this context, Rio de Janeiro State is responsible for 7% or 16,163 tonnes/day from 92 municipalities of 15 million habitants. This work estimates the changes in carbon that will be stored and emitted at SWDS using the First Order Decay (FOD) described in Chapter 3 of 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
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