The Emerging Impact of RNA Editing in Tumor Growth and Metastasis

Abstract

Context: RNA editing is an essential modification that needs to develop normal cells and is involved in a wide range of biological processes. It can arise in both coding and non-coding sequences with different functional effects. Although the expansion of transcriptome diversity is the primary goal of RNA editing, dysregulation and aberrant editing may act as an essential contributor to cancer pathogenesis. Evidence Acquisition: The current review aimed to investigate the role of RNA editing in cancer initiation and progression. Science Direct and PubMed databases were reviewed from 2000 to 2020 and 2003 to 2020, respectively, using various combinations of "RNA editing" and "cancer" keywords. Results: The location of editing sites has different functional impacts on tumorigenesis. Nonsynonymous editing in antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1) leads to a metastatic progression of colorectal and gastric cancer. Recoding editing events in bladder cancer-associated protein (BLCAP) is correlated with the progression of cervical carcinogenesis. Editing events located at 3′UTRs are also a general mechanism to promote tumor growth in different types of cancers. A significant number of editing events in microRNAs with a functional role in cancer are also reported. These editing sites could change the fate and function of microRNAs, either by preventing target mRNA recognition or by dysregulating an off-target mRNA. Conclusions: There are increasing shreds of evidence on the key role of RNA editing events in cancer initiation and progression.