Abstract
Most biological organisms exhibit different kinds of symmetry; an Animal (Metazoa), which is our Darwinist ancestor, has bilateral symmetry, and many plants exhibit rotational symmetry. It raises some questions: I. How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a complex biological organism with symmetry, which is based on asymmetric DNA and enzymes, lead to the bilateral symmetry? II. Is this evolution to an organism with bilateral symmetry obtained by other factors than DNA and enzymatic reactions? The existing literature about the evolution of the bilateral symmetry has been reviewed, and a new hypothesis has been formulated based on these reviews. The hypothesis is that the morphogenesis of biosystems is connected with the metabolism and that the oscillating kinetics in the Glycolysis have played a role in the polarity of the biological cells and in the establishment of the bilateral symmetry in Animals.
Highlights
A biological organism consists of stereo specific molecules.The proteins and enzymes are polymers of L-amino acids and the carbohydrates are polymers of D-carbohydrate units
How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a complex biological organism with symmetry, which is based on asymmetric DNA and enzymes, lead to the bilateral symmetry?
In Reference [35], the author’s hypothesis is that the emergence of the bilateral symmetry in Animals is the optimal response to mechanical forces, including gravity, on the multicellular biological organism
Summary
A biological organism consists of stereo specific molecules.The proteins and enzymes are polymers of L-amino acids and the carbohydrates are polymers of D-carbohydrate units. The structures in a biological organism are obtained from an undifferentiated cell by biochemical reactions with asymmetric enzymes. Animals (Metazoa, which our Darwinist ancestor) have bilateral symmetry (Figure 1), and many plants exhibit rotational symmetry, and it raises some questions: Published: 4 February 2021. I. How can the evolution from an undifferentiated cell without bilateral symmetry to a complex biological organism with symmetry, which is based on asymmetric DNA and enzymes, lead to the bilateral symmetry?. Is this evolution to an organism with bilateral symmetry obtained by other factors than DNA and enzymatic reactions?. I shall try to answer these two questions based on the existing scientific literature, after first describing the evolution of the bilateral symmetry in Animals
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