Abstract
The paper briefly presents the genesis and discourse of anti-gender movements in Europe and the challenge they pose to liberal democracy. Then it critically analyses the interpretative frameworks elaborated so far for understanding these movements. The major conclusions of the paper are twofold: (1) Anti-gender movements confront us with the analytical limits of country case studies, which cannot be understood only on the basis of local national characteristics and political developments, but need to be studied in a broader framework. Nor are conceptualizations of these as backlash, homophobia, anti-feminism or a strategy of the Catholic Church sufficient. (2) Anti-gender fundamentalism points to societal crisis phenomena going beyond gender equality and LGBTQ rights. These movements and their success are symptoms and consequences of deeper socio-economic, political and cultural crises of liberal democracy.
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