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Abstract
BackgroundLeptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease, with increasing frequency and severity of outbreaks, changing epidemiology of populations at risk, and the emergence of new serovars. Environmental drivers of disease transmission include flooding, urbanisation, poor sanitation, changes in land use and agricultural practices, and socioeconomic factors. In Queensland, human infection with Leptosira borgpetersenii serovar Arborea was first reported in 2001. This study aims to report the emergence of serovar Arborea in Queensland from 2001 to 2013, and investigate potential risk factors for infection and drivers of emergence.MethodsData on laboratory-confirmed cases of human leptospirosis in Queensland were obtained from the enhanced surveillance system at the WHO/FAO/OIE Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis in Brisbane, Australia. The changing epidemiology of serovar Arborea from 2001 to 2003 was described with respect to case numbers, proportion of leptospirosis cases attributed to the serovar, and geographic distribution. Differences in risk factors for the most common serovars were compared.ResultsDuring this period, 1289 cases of leptospirosis were reported, including 233 cases attributed to serovar Arborea. Risk factors for infection include male gender (91 % of cases), occupation, and recreational exposure. Most common occupations recorded were banana workers (28.4 %), meat workers (7.2 %), dairy farmers (5.8 %), graziers/stockmen (5.5 %), ‘other agricultural/rural workers’ (16.4 %), and tourists or tourism operators (4.6 %). Time trend analysis showed that while non-Arborea cases decreased over the study period, Arborea cases increased by 3.4 cases per year. The proportion of annual cases attributed to Arborea peaked at 49 % in 2011 after unprecedented flooding in Queensland. Mapping of cases by residential location showed expansion of the geographic range of serovar Arborea, concentrating mostly around Brisbane, Cairns and Innisfail. Serovars varied significantly between ages and occupational groups, and serovar Arborea was most strongly associated with ‘other agricultural/rural workers’.ConclusionsLeptospira borgpetersenii serovar Arborea has been emerging in Queensland since 2001, with increase in case numbers, the proportion of leptospirosis infections attributed to the serovar, as well as expansion of its geographic distribution. Reasons for this emergence are unknown, but climatic factors and environmental change are likely to have played important roles.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-0982-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease, with increasing frequency and severity of outbreaks, changing epidemiology of populations at risk, and the emergence of new serovars
Environmental drivers of disease transmission and infection vary between different epidemiological settings, and include climate, land use, international trade, animal reservoirs, agricultural practices, as well as socioeconomic and cultural factors [2,3,4,5]
In Australia, there has been a recent shift in disease epidemiology with increasing number of cases acquired through recreational exposure and/or international travel [7]
Summary
Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease, with increasing frequency and severity of outbreaks, changing epidemiology of populations at risk, and the emergence of new serovars. Environmental drivers of disease transmission include flooding, urbanisation, poor sanitation, changes in land use and agricultural practices, and socioeconomic factors. Leptospirosis is an emerging endemic and epidemic disease of global importance, with recent reports of increasing frequency and severity of outbreaks, changing epidemiology of populations at risk, and the emergence of new serovars [2,3,4]. Environmental drivers of disease transmission and infection vary between different epidemiological settings (e.g. agricultural areas, urban slums, tropical islands), and include climate, land use, international trade, animal reservoirs, agricultural practices, as well as socioeconomic and cultural factors [2,3,4,5]. In Australia, there has been a recent shift in disease epidemiology with increasing number of cases acquired through recreational exposure and/or international travel [7]
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