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Abstract
Avian orthoavulavirus 13 (AOAV-13), also named avian paramyxovirus 13 (APMV-13), has been found sporadically in wild birds around the world ever since the discovery of AOAV-13 (AOAV-13/wild goose/Shimane/67/2000) in a wild goose from Japan in 2000. However, there are no reports of AOAV-13 in China. In the present study, a novel AOAV-13 virus (AOAV-13/wild goose/China/Hubei/V93-1/2015), isolated from a wild migratory waterfowl in a wetland of Hubei province of China, during active surveillance from 2013 to 2018, was biologically and genetically characterized. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated a very close genetic relationship among all AOAV-13 strains, as revealed by very few genetic variations. Moreover, pathogenicity tests indicated that the V93-1 strain is a low virulent virus for chickens. However, the genome of the V93-1 virus was found to be 16,158 nucleotides (nt) in length, which is 12 nt or 162 nt longer than the other AOAV-13 strains that have been reported to date. The length difference of 12 nt in strain V93-1 is due to the existence of three repeats of the conserved sequence, “AAAAAT”, in the 5′-end trailer of the genome. Moreover, the HN gene of the V93-1 virus is 2070 nt in size, encoding 610 aa, which is the same size as the AOAV-13 strain from Japan, whereas that of two strains from Ukraine and Kazakhstan are 2080 nt in length, encoding 579 aa. We describe a novel AOAV-13 in migratory waterfowl in China, which suggests that diversified trailer region sequences and HN gene lengths exist within serotype AOAV-13, and highlight the need for its constant surveillance in poultry from live animal markets, and especially migratory birds.
Highlights
Viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae circulated in various vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles and fish, have been newly identified [1,2]
Similar results were observed in a recent study, where the chicken-origin virulent avian orthoavulavirus (AOAV)-1 viruses infect chickens and efficiently transmit it to naïve birds, while the virulent viruses from wild birds, such as cormorant and pigeon, infect chickens only at higher doses and cannot transmit to other birds [27]
Our study is the first to describe an AOAV-13 isolate in wild migratory waterfowl from China, demonstrating that does the V93-1 virus harbor the longest genome size (16,158 nt) and three repeats of the uniquely conserved sequence (AAAAAT) within the 50 trailer, as compared to the three previously reported completely sequenced isolates, and at least two different HN proteins, which exist within the serotype AOAV-13
Summary
Viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae circulated in various vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles and fish, have been newly identified [1,2]. There are currently three genera (Metaavulavirus, Orthoavulavirus and Paraavulavirus) within Avulavirinae, including 20 described serotypes (-1 to -20), based on haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) assays and genetic sequencing [5,6,7,8,9,10]. While little is known about the biological and genetic information of serotypes 2 to 20, extensive studies have been conducted on AOAV-1 (Newcastle disease virus, NDV) because of its high mortality and heavy losses on the economy in relation to the poultry industry worldwide [12,13]. Migratory birds are known to be a natural reservoir of numerous avian viruses, including viruses within the subfamily, Avulavirinae [17]. The potential for AOAV-13 dispersal and intercontinental transmission is high, because China is a very important region, where intercontinental flyways connecting the Russian
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