Abstract
Elections, in the sense of having a choice, are what characterise democrati constitutional states. That differentiates them from dictatorships of various types. However, in democracies the electoral systems – which translate votes into seats – vary considerably one from another.1 One basic type of electoral system (the majoritarian system) is intended to promote the formation of stable governments by disproportionality between the share of the vote and the share of seats. Another type (proportional representation) tries to reflect accurately the electoral strengths of various political groups. Apart from these two basic types there is a multiplicity of complex mixed systems, for instance using an electoral ‘hurdle’ to promote majority creation, or multi-member constituencies which restrict the proportional relationship between vote-share and allocation of seats.
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