Abstract
The intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are abundant in marine fish meat and oil, has been shown to exert many beneficial effects. The mechanisms behind those effects are numerous, including interference with the arachidonic acid cascade that produces pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, formation of novel bioactive lipid mediators, and change in the pattern of secreted adipocytokines. In our study, we show that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increases secreted adiponectin from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in plasma of mice as early as 4 days after initiation of an EPA-rich diet. Using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we report for the first time that 15-deoxy-δ12,14-PGJ3 (15d-PGJ3), a product of EPA, also increases the secretion of adiponectin. We demonstrate that the increased adiponectin secretion induced by 15d-PGJ3 is partially peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ)-mediated. Finally, we show that 3T3-L1 adipocytes can synthesize 15d-PGJ3 from EPA. 15d-PGJ3 was also detected in adipose tissue from EPA-fed mice. Thus, these studies provide a novel mechanism(s) for the therapeutic benefits of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids dietary supplementation.
Highlights
Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids are v-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), found primarily in marine lipids, that display many health benefits, such as the improvement of insulin sensitivity with beneficial effects against obesity and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [1,2,3,4]
It is assumed that these beneficial effects are linked to the ability of both acids to inhibit the production of v-6 PUFA-derived prostaglandins and leukotrienes [5]
Our studies show that EPA, PGD3 and 15d-PGJ3 increased adiponectin secretion by 3T3-L1 and that this partly occurred via a PPARc-dependent mechanism
Summary
Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids are v-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), found primarily in marine lipids, that display many health benefits, such as the improvement of insulin sensitivity with beneficial effects against obesity and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [1,2,3,4]. Despite numerous studies suggesting protective actions of EPA and DHA, the cellular and molecular rational for their intake remains of considerable interest. Recent studies have shown that a series of novel v-3 PUFA-derived compounds could be responsible for eliciting their beneficial effects [6,7,8]. Resolvins and protectins have been shown for example to display potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory actions [9, 10]
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