Abstract
Problem statement: Gladiolus is cultivated commonly for cut flower production, frequently as a protected crop. The glasshouse or polytunnel environment, providing excellent conditions for flower production, also make conditions more favorable for disease to develop. Approach: The pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli causes wilt diseases in a wide range of economically important plants and can have devastating effects on crop production. Trichoderma harzianum and Aneurinobacillus migulanus were tested separately and in combination for controlling F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli activity in soilless culture using Perlite as the substrate. Results: The efficiency of both of antagonists against corm rot was evaluated based on vegetative and root growth parameters and on flowering parameters. T. harzianum was more effective than A. migulanus in disease suppression and also enhanced plant growth, increased flower production and quality. A. migulanus enhanced plant growth when tested alone. The mixture of antagonists reduced the efficiency of T. harzianum. Numbers of T. harzianum CFU in the substrate and on corms increased following application compared with treating with both antagonists. No T. harzianum was detected in the substrate by 120 day after planting, however, A. migulanus CFU significantly decreased on corms when inoculated in combination with T. harzianum and F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. However, A. migulanus CFU was not detected in the substrate of the same combination. SEM and Glasshouse results suggested that suppressive mechanisms of T. harzianum and A. migulanus differed. T. harzianum appeared to operate through a combination of antibiosis and substrate competition, whereas A. migulanus produced an electron-dense substance which may have inhibited the penetration of host tissues by F. oxysporum f. sp. gladiolus. Greater growth of T. harzianum was observed when inoculated alone or with F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli hyphae. Conclusion: It was concluded that T. harzianum provided a more efficient and effective control of F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli corm rot of Gladiolus when inoculated without A. migulanus.
Highlights
Soil-borne plant pathogens are responsible for severe damage in vegetable and cut flower production
Corms treated with A. migulanus followed by inoculation with F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli produced significantly fewer leaves (75%), compared with controls
In contrast corms treated with A. migulanus followed by inoculation with F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli died before reaching the flowering stage
Summary
Soil-borne plant pathogens are responsible for severe damage in vegetable and cut flower production. Spores were centrifuged at 1700×g in a Thomson-MSE Mistral bench top centrifuge for 10 bacterium (Bacillus mycoides) against B. cinerea on min, the spore pellets rinsed twice in sterile distilled strawberry gave disease control of 38-98% when water, with repeated centrifuging and spore applied separately, but in mixture suppressed infection concentrations adjusted to 8×106 mL−1 using repeated by 80-90%. Gladioli was isolated from the husks of purchased Gladiolus corms and maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA; Oxoid, Basingtoke, Hants, UK) at 22°C, with routine sub-culturing at 15 day intervals. Antagonist inoculation: Corms were submerged in T. harzianum or A. migulanus spore suspensions for 30 min. The combination between T. harzianum and A. migulanus was prepared by mixing equal volumes of antagonist suspensions in a 2000 mL beaker, immersing surface sterilized corms in the mixed suspension for 30 min and inoculating with the pathogen, as described below.
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