Abstract
Apple vinegar has many uses that include burn and wound healing and as an antimicrobial agent against different microorganisms, but not as a solvent. Therefore, this study aimed to use commercial apple vinegar as solvent to the plants of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), green tea (Camellia sinensis), and clove (Syzygium aromaticum). The effects of apple-vinegar extracts of these plants were compared with those of aqueous and ethanolic extracts against biofilm formation by Candida genus. Clove vinegar extract demonstrated antibiofilm activity against C. albicans, alone (2.4907± 0.382) or in combination with the antifungal agents fluconazole (1.689±0.33), nystatine (1.941±0.64), and clotrimazole (2.0353±0.71819). These plant extracts possessed a variable number of antimicrobial compounds, as tested by the HLPC technique. Therefore, apple vinegar was the most efficient solvent, in comparison with the other solvents used in this study, to obtain some phytochemical compounds from the tested plants that have antibiofilm activity against C. albicans.
Highlights
Apple vinegar has many uses that include burn and wound healing and as an antimicrobial agent against different microorganisms, but not as a solvent
The results revealed that apple vinegar extract of clove (2.4907± 0.382) has significant effects against C. albicans biofilm when compared with control group (2.85± 0.138) and other extracts
There was no significant difference between plant extracts against C. albicans as compared to the control
Summary
Figure-2 shows the effects of aqueous, ethanolic, and apple vinegar extracts of the following plants: H. sabdariffa (Roselle), C. sinensis (Green tea) and S. aromaticum (Clove) on mature C. albicans biofilm. The results revealed that apple vinegar extract of clove (2.4907± 0.382) has significant effects against C. albicans biofilm when compared with control group (untreated) (2.85± 0.138) and other extracts. There was no significant difference between plant extracts against C. albicans as compared to the control (untreated). Table-2 shows that β-Caryophyllene and p-cymene were the major compounds in all extracts. These compounds have antibiofilm activity against C. albicans due to their synergistic actions [26,27,28,29,30]
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