The efficacy of two antivenoms against the in vitro myotoxic effects of black snake ( Pseudechis) venoms in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation

Abstract

Neurotoxicity is rarely seen following human systemic envenoming by Australasian black snakes (genus Pseudechis) with myotoxicity being the most prominent feature following bites by some species. This study investigated the in vitro myotoxicity of venoms from seven species of Australasian Pseudechis and determined the efficacy of CSL black and tiger snake antivenoms. All Pseudechis venoms (10 μg/ml) significantly inhibited direct twitches of the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation ( p<0.05, one-way ANOVA). Prior addition of black snake antivenom (5 U/ml) prevented the inhibitory effects of all Pseudechis venoms ( p<0.05, one-way ANOVA), except Pseudechis butleri. Prior addition of tiger snake antivenom (5 U/ml) prevented the venom-induced reduction in direct twitches to Notechis scutatus venom and all Pseudechis venoms ( p<0.05, one-way ANOVA), with the exception of Pseudechis australis and Pseudechis colletti venoms. Black or tiger snake antivenom (5 U/ml) added 1 h after the addition of venom inhibited further reduction of direct twitches by N. scutatus and most Pseudechis venoms, but did not significantly restore twitch height. PLA 2 activity was found in all venoms with the following rank order: Pseudechis porphyriacus> P. australis> Pseudechis papuanus> P. butleri> Pseudechis guttatus≥ Pseudechis pailsii> P. colletti> N. scutatus. The results of the present study suggest that Australasian Pseudechis venoms possess variable myotoxic activity. The ability of black or tiger snake antivenom to prevent or inhibit further venom-induced effects varied across the genus.