The Efficacy of Squalene in Cardiovascular Disease Risk-A Systematic Review.

Nurul 'Izzah Ibrahim,Syed Fairus,Mohamed S Zulfarina,Isa Naina Mohamed

doi:10.3390/nu12020414

Nurul 'Izzah Ibrahim, Syed Fairus + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020414

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Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Squalene (SQ), an intermediate for the cholesterol biosynthesis, has been proposed to act similarly to statins via inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in the liver. Purpose: This paper explores the effects of SQ in CVD. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify relevant studies about SQ and CVD. A comprehensive search in Medline and Scopus for relevant studies published between the years 1946 and 2019 was performed. The main inclusion criteria were that the study was published in English; that the study reported association or effect of SQ and CVD; and that CVD should be related to lifestyle variables, aging, or experimentally induced conditions. Results: The literature searches identified 5562 potentially relevant articles, whereby 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. There were three human studies and 18 animal experimental studies included in this paper. Only one human study reported positive outcome of SQ in CVD. The remaining two studies reported inconsistent and/or no effect. For animal studies, 15 studies reported positive effect while the remaining reported negative and/or no effect of SQ on various related parameters. Conclusions: This evidence-based review emphasizes the potential of SQ being used for cardiovascular-related diseases. The effect of SQ, especially of plant-based warrants further exploration. Controlled human observational studies should be performed to provide comprehensive evidence.

Highlights

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide.Squalene (SQ), an intermediate for the cholesterol biosynthesis, has been proposed to act to statins via inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in the liver
The results demonstrated that SQ administration had caused an unchanged level of serum triglyceride and cholesterol content but significantly increased serum levels of free and esterified sterol contents
Since lipids are insoluble in plasma, they are transported in particles known as lipoproteins

Summary

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide.Squalene (SQ), an intermediate for the cholesterol biosynthesis, has been proposed to act to statins via inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in the liver. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify relevant studies about SQ and CVD. The main inclusion criteria were that the study was published in English; that the study reported association or effect of SQ and CVD; and that CVD should be related to lifestyle variables, aging, or experimentally induced conditions. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be defined as a group of diseases involving the heart and blood vessels. It is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for more than 17 billion deaths per year (30% of all deaths) [1,2]. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, high cholesterol or abnormal blood lipids, and hypertension [3]. The incidence of CVD is expected to rise in the decade due to the aging population and increased pervasiveness of modifiable risk factors [4]

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