Abstract
Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) may help address addictive disorders. PNF highlights discrepancies between perceived and actual peer norms, juxtaposed against self-reported behavior. PNF can be self-directed and cost-efficient. Our study estimates the efficacy of PNF alone, and in combination with other self-directed interventions, to address frequency and symptom severity of hazardous alcohol use, problem gambling, illicit drug and tobacco use. We searched electronic databases, grey literature, and reference lists of included articles, for randomized controlled trials published in English (January 2000-August 2019). We assessed study quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Thirty-four studies met inclusion criteria (k = 28 alcohol, k = 3 gambling, k = 3 cannabis, k = 0 tobacco). Thirty studies provided suitable data for meta-analyses. PNF alone, and with additional interventions, reduced short-term alcohol frequency and symptom severity. PNF with additional interventions reduced short-term gambling symptom severity. Effect sizes were small. PNF did not alter illicit drug use. Findings highlight the efficacy of PNF to address alcohol frequency and symptom severity. The limited number of studies suggest further research is needed to ascertain the efficacy of PNF for gambling and illicit drug use. Cost-effectiveness analyses are required to determine the scale of PNF needed to justify its use in various settings.
Highlights
Addictive behaviors associated with alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs and gambling can have considerable negative consequences for individuals, families and the wider society
Pure and mixed Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) study characteristics, study results and risk of bias assessments are presented in Tables 1 and 2 respectively
There is no evidence from our review that PNF can reduce frequency and symptom severity from cannabis use, and no studies were available for other illicit drugs or tobacco use
Summary
Addictive behaviors associated with alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs and gambling can have considerable negative consequences for individuals, families and the wider society. Alcohol use is the leading global risk factor for death in men and women aged 15–49 [1]. Alcohol use causes substantial harm, attributed to 8.9% and 2.3% of disability adjusted life years in men and women 15–49, respectively [1]. Tobacco control measures and the widespread adoption of the World Health Organization’s 2003 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have been. Personalized Normative Feedback for substance-related and addictive disorders
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