Abstract
BackgroundThe demand for implant dentistry, which includes customized abutments, is increasing. A lot of pollutions are generated on the customized abutment surface following milling procedure. This study evaluated the surface topography and cleanliness of customized abutments after cleaning procedures, which are simply applicable in the dental clinic.MethodsThirty computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing internal connection type titanium abutments were produced, milled, and randomly divided into 3 groups: steam cleaning (control group), chlorhexidine (CHX) scrubbing (test group 1), and ultrasonic cleaning with CHX solution, acetone, and ethyl alcohol (test group 2). Each group was evaluated using microscopic and microbial analysis.ResultsForeign bodies were observed on the abutment surfaces in control group and test group 1, but not in test group 2. Bacteria were observed on 40% of the agar plates following steam cleaning; most of the colonies consisted of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus warneri. Colony growth was absent following test group 1 and 2.ConclusionFor customized abutments, cleaning with steam is ineffective. CHX scrubbing effectively eliminates only bacteria. Ultrasonic cleaning with CHX solution, acetone, and ethyl alcohol successfully removes both foreign bodies and bacteria. Thus, the ultrasonic cleaning method is conveniently applicable in the dental clinic for eliminating contamination of the customized abutment surface.
Highlights
The demand for implant dentistry, which includes customized abutments, is increasing
Bacterial colonies were found on 40% of the agar plates in control group, but not in test group 1and 2
The majority of the colonies consisted of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus warneri detected by MALDI-TOF MS analysis
Summary
The demand for implant dentistry, which includes customized abutments, is increasing. After manufacture, customized abutments must undergo steam-cleaning to remove any contaminants located on both the internal and external surfaces [9]. The presence of contaminants that remain even after steam-cleaning can cause inflammatory responses in peri-implant tissues and form plaques and bacterial colonies, which can result in infection on the collar surface of implants and abutments. The removal of such microbial contaminants reduces bacterial adhesion and osteoclast activation. The contaminants were demonstrated to affect implant–abutment fit, leading to an increased mechanical stress on connection This condition may induce preload loss or fracture and cause biological complications due to bacterial penetration within a possible fixture–abutment gap [10]. Surface contaminants on abutments can be removed by steam-cleaning, but such laboratory procedures cannot completely eliminate the contaminants
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