Abstract
BackgroundA limited number of studies have examined the effect of dairy on satiety and short-term energy intake among children; furthermore we are not aware of any study comparing high and low-fat dairy products regarding their effect on appetite and short-term energy intake. Our objective was to assess the effect skim milk (SM) compared to whole milk (WM) and apple juice (AJ) on satiety and energy intake at lunch among 10–12 y children with obesity.MethodsFifty children with obesity who aged 10–12 y were randomized to consume a fixed content breakfast with 240 ml of SM, AJ, or WM for two consecutive days. The study was a three-way randomized crossover study; therefore each participant served as his/her own control. The total appetite, hunger, fullness, desire to eat and prospective consumption were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) before breakfast and every one hour after breakfast until a freely consumed lunch. VAS scores and energy intakes were compared using repeated measures procedure.ResultsForty-eight participants (24 girls and 24 boys) completed the study. The energy intake was not different between SM, AJ and WM periods (adjusted mean ± standard error (SE) of energy intake: SM = 831.27 ± 30.64 Kcal, AJ = 794.92 ± 28.72 Kcal, WM = 798.87 ± 24.09 Kcal; P = 0.56). The effect was the same for either gender. Children reported higher satiety score 4 h after drinking WM with breakfast compared with SM (P < 0.05). The same association was found only in girls. Furthermore, SM significantly reduced appetite compared to AJ, 2 h after preloads in girls (P < 0.05).ConclusionsFull-fat milk may have favorable effects on satiety but not energy intake in subsequent meal compared to skim milk among the children with obesity. Future studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm these results.Trial registrationThe study protocol was registered with the Iranian registry of clinical trials on 9th October 2016 (registration ID: IRCT2016072012571N5).
Highlights
A limited number of studies have examined the effect of dairy on satiety and short-term energy intake among children; we are not aware of any study comparing high and low-fat dairy products regarding their effect on appetite and short-term energy intake
A study done by Mehrabani et al on 34 boys with obesity showed that drinking low-fat milk causes a significant decrease in appetite and energy intake at launch when compared with water and apple juice as the iso-volumic and iso-volumic/ iso-energetic control beverages, respectively [7]
The analysis revealed that the energy intake at lunch was not significantly different between skim milk, whole milk and apple juice periods in girls, boys and total population (P > 0.05)
Summary
A limited number of studies have examined the effect of dairy on satiety and short-term energy intake among children; we are not aware of any study comparing high and low-fat dairy products regarding their effect on appetite and short-term energy intake. A study done by Mehrabani et al on 34 boys with obesity showed that drinking low-fat milk causes a significant decrease in appetite and energy intake at launch when compared with water and apple juice as the iso-volumic and iso-volumic/ iso-energetic control beverages, respectively [7]. The effect of receiving orange juice, 1% milk fat and cola in comparison with water on hunger, satiety and energy intake in the meal was studied. All of these beverages increased the satiety and reduced starvation rates compared to water [9]
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