Abstract
Abstract Objectives This study compared effects of vitamin D, fish oil and exercise on cardiovascular parameters in ovariectomized rats. Materials and methods This is an experimental study conducted with 45 female Wistar Albino rats; consisted of one sham (n=8) and four intervention (n=37) groups. Rats (n=37) were oophorectomized and, randomly divided into four groups at the end of the first week following wound healing. Interventions were applied to the groups of oophorectomize+Dvit, oophorectomize+fish oil and oophorectomize+exercise for 12 weeks. In analyzing the data, ANOVA and Tamhane’s T2 tests were used (p<0.05). Results The levels of total-cholesterol (66.7 ± 7.6 mg/dL), HDL-cholesterol (33.8 ± 2.1 mg/dL), TOS (7.3 ± 1.2 μmol H2O2 Eq/L), TAS (4.0 ± 0.5 mmol Trolox Eq/L), OSI (0.2 ± 0.1) and total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (2.0 ± 0.3) were obtained significant in exercising oophorectomized rats according to the oophorectomized rats (p<0.05). The estrogen levels of rats using vitamin D and fish oil and exercising were found to be higher than those in menopause. Conclusions It was concluded that exercising oophorectomized rats had a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. In this context, exercise/physical activity should be recommended and must be supported for practicing in order to protect the cardiovascular health of postmenopausal women.
Highlights
Cardiovascular health is important during menopause and can be a cause of death and disability
The levels of total-cholesterol (66.7 ± 7.6 mg/dL), HDL-cholesterol (33.8 ± 2.1 mg/dL), total oxidant status (TOS) (7.3 ± 1.2 μmol H2O2 Eq/L), total antioxidant status (TAS) (4.0 ± 0.5 mmol Trolox Eq/L), OSI (0.2 ± 0.1) and total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (2.0 ± 0.3) were obtained significant in exercising oophorectomized rats according to the oophorectomized rats (p
Exercise/physical activity should be recommended and must be supported for practicing in order to protect the cardiovascular health of postmenopausal women
Summary
Cardiovascular health is important during menopause and can be a cause of death and disability. The risk of CVD in women is very low because estrogen protects them. This trend is reversed in menopause, and the CVD risk in women increases by 50% compared to men [4]. While the preventive measures taken provided a decrease in the incidence of CVD in men, a decrease was not achieved in women after menopause due to estrogen deficiency [2, 4]. Estrogen affects lipid metabolism and increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), which have a protective role in the cardiovascular system, lowers the risk of CVD by lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC). With the decrease in estrogen level in the postmenopausal period, HDL-C decreases gradually, while TC, triglycerides and LDL-C increase [2, 4]
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