Abstract
BackgroundObesity induced brain inflammation is associated with cognitive disorders. We aimed to investigate the influence of vitamin D on hypothalamus and hippocampus inflammatory response in high-fat diet induced obese rats.MethodsIn the beginning of the study, 40 rats were divided into two groups: control diet and high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks; then each group subdivided into two groups including: N, ND + vitamin D, HFD and HFD + vitamin D. Vitamin D supplementation was done for 5 weeks at 500 IU/kg dosage. IL-6, IL-1β, NF-Kβ and acetylcholine (ACH) and brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) concentrations in hippocampus and hypothalamus homogenate samples were measured by commercial ELISA kits.ResultsVitamin D administration, reduced food intake and weight gain in studied groups (P < 0.001). Vitamin D reduced hippocampus acetylcholine concentrations in ND + vitamin D group (P < 0.001). High fat diet increased hippocampus IL-6 concentrations significantly (P < 0.05) compared with normal diet receiving groups. Vitamin D could not have significant effects on IL-6 concentrations. Vitamin D administrations reduced IL-1β, NF-Kβ and acetylcholine concentration and BDNF concentrations in ND + vitamin D compared with ND group. These reductions were not significant in HFD + vitamin D versus HFD group.ConclusionAccording to our results, vitamin D reduced food intake and weight gain and modulated the HFD induced inflammatory response in hippocampus and hypothalamus of high fat diet induced obesity. Therefore, this neurosteroid, can be suggested as a supplemental therapeutic tool in prevention of obesity related cognitive and neurodegenerative problems.
Highlights
Obesity induced brain inflammation is associated with cognitive disorders
The inflammatory response to dietary fat and especially dietary saturated fatty acids in the hypothalamus is mediated by toll-like receptors (TLRs) which their activation and signaling by dietary fat leads to activation of nuclear factor kappa-β (NF-Kβ) and production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 [14]
The results of one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tuky test in between group comparisons showed that the significant difference in comparison of the weight of 16th week was between normal diet (ND) versus high fat diet (HFD) and HFD + Vit D, ND + Vit D versus HFD and HFD + Vit D and HFD versus ND
Summary
Obesity induced brain inflammation is associated with cognitive disorders. We aimed to investigate the influence of vitamin D on hypothalamus and hippocampus inflammatory response in high-fat diet induced obese rats. The inflammatory response to dietary fat and especially dietary saturated fatty acids in the hypothalamus is mediated by toll-like receptors (TLRs) which their activation and signaling by dietary fat leads to activation of nuclear factor kappa-β (NF-Kβ) and production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 [14]. Another important brain region, hippocampus, is susceptible to inflammation in obesity and numerous studies have revealed that neural systems of hippocampus involved in memory and cognition are negatively affected in obesity [15]. Clinical evidence suggests that inflammation in the brain and hippocampus of HFD-fed mice is regulated by IL-6 that has a main function in cognitive performance like learning and memory [17]
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