Abstract
When ultrasound is applied to a solution for crystallization, it can affect the properties of the crystalline products significantly. Ultrasonic irradiation decreases the induction time and metastable zone and increases the nucleation rate. Due to these effects, it generally yields smaller crystals with a narrower size distribution when compared with conventional crystallizations. Also, ultrasonic irradiation can cause fragmentation of existing crystals which is caused by crystal collisions or sonofragmentation. The effect of various experimental parameters and empirical products of sonocrystallization have been reported, but the mechanisms of sonocrystallization and sonofragmentation have not been confirmed clearly. In this review, we build upon previous studies and highlight the effects of ultrasound on the crystallization of organic molecules. In addition, recent work on sonofragmentation of molecular and ionic crystals is discussed.
Highlights
Ultrasound is an oscillating sound pressure wave over a frequency range of 15 kHz to 10 MHz [1].When ultrasonic waves pass through a liquid with sufficient amplitude, the negative pressure exceeds the local tensile strength of the liquid and bubbles are created [2,3,4]
The industrial use of sonocrystallization increased during the 1980s due to advances in ultrasonic sonocrystallization of various materials and the modification of diverse experimental parameters equipment, and, currently, sonocrystallization is common for generating crystals in the pharmaceutical have been reported [25,26,27]
Sonocrystallization is an important method for the controlled preparation of crystals with desired
Summary
Ultrasound is an oscillating sound pressure wave over a frequency range of 15 kHz to 10 MHz [1]. Since bubbles cannot be sustained without absorption of energy, they implosively collapse after reaching the resonant size This process is referred to as acoustic cavitation. 2018, 8,deforms x FOR PEERitREVIEW generated from acoustic cavitation cause high-velocity collisions between micron-sized solid particles. The industrial use of sonocrystallization increased during the 1980s due to advances in ultrasonic sonocrystallization of various materials and the modification of diverse experimental parameters equipment, and, currently, sonocrystallization is common for generating crystals in the pharmaceutical have been reported [25,26,27]. A fundamental understanding of to advances in sectors ultrasonic equipment, and, considerable currently, sonocrystallization is common for generating sonocrystallization, especially the and mechanism of action, remains crystals in the pharmaceutical fine chemicals sectors [28,29,30].incomplete.
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