Abstract
Benzophenones are UV-blockers found in most common sunscreens. The ability of Scyphozoan planula larvae of Cassiopea xamachana and C. frondosa to swim and complete metamorphosis in concentrations 0–228 µg/L benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone) was tested. Planulae of both species swam in erratic patterns, 25–30% slower, and experienced significant death (p < 0.05) in the highest concentrations of oxybenzone tested, whereas the larvae exhibited normal swimming patterns and no death in ≤2.28 µg/L oxybenzone. In addition, metamorphosis decreased 10–30% over 3 days for both species maintained in 228 µg/L oxybenzone. These effects do not involve symbiotic dinoflagellates, as planulae larvae of Cassiopea sp. are aposymbiotic. It is concluded that oxybenzone can have a detrimental impact on these jellyfish.
Highlights
Benzophenones are organic compounds used in a variety of personal-care products for their abilities to absorb UV-B wavelengths coming from the sun
Planulae larvae of C. xamachana and C. frondosa were collected from multiple female medusa from
The developing planulae were maintained in 100 μg/mL antibiotic solution of neomycin and streptomycin in filtered (0.8 μm) seawater; they were removed after hatching from the egg and placed in 35 ppt artificial seawater (ASW, Instant Ocean made in deionized (DI)
Summary
Benzophenones are organic compounds used in a variety of personal-care products for their abilities to absorb UV-B wavelengths coming from the sun. Oxybenzone avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate, and octinoxate are all used in conventional sunscreens and other topical, personal-care products to prevent damage from the sun’s UV rays. Concern over oxybenzone arose when a study reported that 1–2% was absorbed by the skin immediately after application [2]. A German study reported traces of oxybenzone in breast milk of mammals e.g., [3]. Since oxybenzone is a photo-toxicant, its negative effects are activated and exacerbated by light [4]. Soon after reacting with light oxybenzone goes through rapid oxidation causing inactivation of antioxidants and a negative impact on the skin’s overall homeostasis [5]
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