The effects of the China\u2013Russia gas deal on energy consumption, carbon emission, and particulate matter pollution in China

Aim We aimed to assess and compare secular trends in type 2 diabetes mortality attributable to particulate matter pollution in China and U.S. Methods We performed an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis to estimate the independent effects of age, period, and cohort on mortality of type 2 diabetes attributable to particulate matter pollution. We collected age-standardized and age-specific mortality rates (1990-2017) from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study for China and the U.S. Results During the period 1990-2017, the age-standardized mortality rates of type 2 diabetes attributable to particulate matter pollution in China showed a general increasing trend, while that in U.S. showed an increase before 2002 and subsequently a decrease. The age effect increased markedly in China compared with the U.S. The period effect showed a substantially increase in China while that in the U.S. increased during 1990-2007 and tended to be stable during 2007-2017. The cohort effect peaked in birth cohort born in 1902–1906 in both China and U.S. and declined consistently in the cohort born in 1992-1996. Conclusions The age-standardized mortality rates of type 2 diabetes attributable to particulate matter pollution, the age, and period effect in China have been increasing in both sexes from 1990 to 2017. The overall mortality in the U.S. began to decrease since 2003, and the period effect showed a tendency to stabilize. Consequently, it is necessary to educate the nation with the correct knowledge and adopting policies on pollutant emission and techniques to reduce air pollution in China.

Outdoor air pollution and particulate matter in polluted air are a class ofcarcinogens, and in recent years, atmospheric particulate matter pollution in China has remained at a high level. By reviewing the current situation of atmospheric particulate matter pollution in China and the research on the mechanism of particulate carcinogenesis, analyze the evidence of carcinogenicity of particulate matter in experimental animals in China and the epidemiological clues of particulate carcinogenesis, to explain the relationship between atmospheric particulate matter and cancer, and to propose relevant research in China.

Characteristics and health impacts of particulate matter pollution in China (2001–2011)

Burden of lung cancer attributed to particulate matter pollution in China: an epidemiological study from 1990 to 2019

Stroke remains a major contributor to mortality and disability in China, with ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution identified as a critical modifiable risk factor. Leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study, this research quantifies the burden of stroke attributable to ambient PM pollution in China from 1990 to 2021. Analyses included age-standardized prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and comparisons with global, Asian, and US trends. We found that the burden of ischemic stroke increased, while that of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage decreased. China exhibited higher age-standardized mortality and DALY rates for the stroke burden attributable to ambient PM pollution compared to the global average, Asia, and the USA, with rates peaking around 2010–2015. Males carried a heavier burden of stroke caused by ambient PM pollution across all stroke subtypes, and older age groups in China faced much higher risks, with rates in this group surpassing those in other regions. These trends underscore the escalating public health challenge posed by PM pollution in China, especially among aging populations, and highlight the urgent need for targeted air quality interventions and age-specific preventive strategies to mitigate stroke burden.

Impact of gasoline upgrade policy on particulate matter pollution in China

China is currently one of the countries impacted by severe atmospheric ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) pollution. Due to their moderately long lifetimes, O3 and PM can be transported over long distances, cross the boundaries of source regions and contribute to air pollution in other regions. The reported contributions of cross-regional transport (CRT) to O3 and fine PM (PM2.5) concentrations often exceed those of local emissions in the major regions of China, highlighting the important role of CRT in regional air pollution. Therefore, further improvement of air quality in China requires more joint efforts among regions to ensure a proper reduction in emissions while accounting for the influence of CRT. This review summarizes the methodologies employed to assess the influence of CRT on O3 and PM pollution as well as current knowledge of CRT influence in China. Quantifying CRT contributions in proportion to O3 and PM levels and studying detailed CRT processes of O3, PM and precursors can be both based on targeted observations and/or model simulations. Reported publications indicate that CRT contributes by 40–80 % to O3 and by 10–70 % to PM2.5 in various regions of China. These contributions exhibit notable spatiotemporal variations, with differences in meteorological conditions and/or emissions often serving as main drivers of such variations. Based on trajectory-based methods, transport pathways contributing to O3 and PM pollution in major regions of China have been revealed. Recent studies also highlighted the important role of horizontal transport in the middle/high atmospheric boundary layer or low free troposphere, of vertical exchange and mixing as well as of interactions between CRT, local meteorology and chemistry in the detailed CRT processes. Drawing on the current knowledge on the influence of CRT, this paper provides recommendations for future studies that aim at supporting ongoing air pollution mitigation strategies in China.

China has been suffering serious particulate matter (PM) pollution in recent decades. Local emission and regional transport both contribute to PM pollution. Determining the contributions of local emissions vs. regional transport to PM concentrations is crucial in making effective PM control policies. This paper reviews the recent research on the contributions of regional transport to PM pollution in four regions in China, i.e., the northern China, eastern China, southern China, and the western China, respectively. The major findings include (1) HYSPLIT is the most popular methods in studies in all regions and often is used in combination with the CA, PSCF, and CWT techniques to investigate the transport pathways and source origins; (2) during the relatively polluted period, transport contributes over 50% of the PM concentrations in Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Chengdu. Regional transport is important for PM pollution in major cities of China; and (3) regional transport exhibits clear seasonal variations and long term trends. The findings have important implication for emission control programs in these regions.

Particulate matter (PM) pollution in China has an obvious characteristic of spatial distribution. It is well known that intensive anthropogenic activities, such as fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning, have great influence on the spatial distribution of PM pollution. However, the spacescale-dependent relationships between PM concentrations and weather conditions remain unclear. Here, we investigated the characteristics of two types of particulate pollution, including PM2.5 and PM10, and their spatial relationships with meteorological elements in 173 cities throughout China from March 2014 to February 2015. Results: (1) High PM2.5 concentrations were distinctly located southeast of the Hu Line, and high PM10 concentrations were distinctly situated north of the Yangtze River; (2) Spacescale-dependent relationships were found between PM pollution and meteorological elements. The influence of temperature had similar inverted V-shaped characteristics, namely, there was serious PM pollution when temperature was about 15 °C, and there was slight PM pollution when temperature was less or more than 15 °C. Annual precipitation, wind speed, and relative humidity were negatively correlated with PM, while annual atmospheric pressure was positively correlated with PM; (3) The ideal meteorological regions were identified according to the quantified spatial relationships between PM and meteorological elements, which could be defined by a combination of the following conditions: (a) temperature <10 °C or >21 °C; (b) precipitation >1500 mm; (c) atmospheric pressure <900 hPa; (d) wind speed >3 m/s; and (e) relative humidity >65%, where air pollutants can easily be scavenged. The success of this research provides a meteorological explanation to the spatial distribution characteristics of PM pollution in China.

Spillover effects of structure-adjustment pollution reduction measures in China's iron and steel industry

Impact of national NOx and SO2 control policies on particulate matter pollution in China

Asymmetric transfer effects among real output, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in China

Emission characteristics of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a Chinese gasoline engine under varied operating conditions: Influence of fuel, velocity, torque, rotational speed, and after-treatment device

Rapid urban and industrial development has resulted in severe air-pollution problems in developing countries such as China, especially in highly industrialized and populous urban clusters. Dissecting the complex mixtures of airborne particulate matter (PM) has been a key scientific focus in the last two decades, leading to significant advances in understanding physicochemical compositions for comprehensive source apportionment. However, identifying causative components with an attributable link to population-based health outcomes remains a huge challenge. The microbiome, an integral dimension of the PM mixture, is an unexplored frontier in terms of identities and functions in atmospheric processes and human health. In this review, we identify the major gaps in addressing these issues, and recommend a holistic framework for evaluating the sources, processes and impacts of atmospheric PM pollution. Such an approach and the knowledge generated will facilitate the formulation of regulatory measures to control PM pollution in China and elsewhere.

Household fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) pollution greatly impacts residents' health. To explore the current national situation of household PM2.5 pollution in China, a study was conducted based on literature published from 1998 to 2018. After extracting data from the literature in conformity with the requirements, the nationwide household-weighted mean concentration of household PM2.5 (HPL) was calculated. Subgroup analyses of spatial, geographic, and temporal differences were also done. The estimated overall HPL in China was 132.2±117.7μg/m3 . HPL in the rural area (164.3±104.5μg/m3 ) was higher than that in the urban area (123.9±122.3μg/m3 ). For HPLs of indoor sampling sites, the kitchen was the highest, followed by the bedroom and living room. There were significant differences of geographic distributions. The HPLs in the South were higher than the North in four seasons. The inhaled dose of household PM2.5 among school-age children differed from provinces with the highest dose up to 5.9μg/(kg·d). Countermeasures should be carried out to reduce indoor pollution and safeguard health urgently.