Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses of bacteria. Here we evaluated the effects of T4 and A3/R bacteriophages, as well as phage-generated bacterial lysates, on differentiation of human myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) from monocytes. Neither of the phages significantly reduced the expression of markers associated with differentiation of DCs and their role in the activation of T cells (CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD1c, CD11c, MHC II, PD-L1, PD-L2, TLR2, TLR4, and CCR7) and phagocytosis receptors (CD64 and DEC-205). By contrast, bacterial lysate of T4 phage significantly decreased the percentages of DEC-205- and CD1c-positive cells. The percentage of DEC-205-positive cells was also significantly reduced in DCs differentiated in the presence of lysate of A3/R phage. Thus while bacteriophages do not substantially affect differentiation of DCs, some products of phage-induced lysis of bacterial cells may influence the differentiation and potentially also some functions of DCs. Our results have important implications for phage therapy of bacterial infections because during infections monocytes recruited to the site of inflammation are an important source of inflammatory DCs.
Highlights
To evaluate the effects of T4 and A3/R phages on the differentiation of myeloid DCs (mDCs), we analyzed the expression of main
We focused on two classes of markers: (i) molecules associated with maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and their role in the activation of T cells (CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD1c, CD11c, MHC class II, PD-L1, PD-L2, TLR2, TLR4, and CCR7), and (ii) receptors involved in phagocytosis (CD64 and DEC-205)
The percentages of cells expressing individual markers associated with differentiation of DCs and their role in the activation of T cells were comparable in mDCs generated in the presence of bacteriophages and in control cultures (Figure 1)
Summary
Phages constitute an extremely abundant and diversified group of viruses. Over 6000 bacteriophages have been identified by using electron microscopy and the total number of phage virions in the biosphere has been estimated at around 1032. Phages occur in great numbers in different environments including water, soil, and air. They are an important component of the microflora in humans and different animals (Letarov and Kulikov, 2009; Hatfull and Hendrix, 2011; Ackermann and Prangishvili, 2012; Dalmasso et al, 2014). A growing body of data shows that bacteriophages can affect functions of different populations of immune cells involved in both innate and adaptive immunity including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, as well as T and B cells (Borysowski et al, 2010; Górski et al, 2012)
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