Abstract
Summary Sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) (Leiblein) were grown as 1+1 transplants at lxlm spacing in fertile weed-free soil and subjected to a range of simulated animal browsing intensities. Survival was very high despite high rates of shoot removal over five years. Growth was only significantly depressed in the more severe levels of browsing demonstrating that acceptance of some animal browsing may be a reasonable solution in crop establishment. The root/shoot ratio of open grown trees and those in 1.2m treeshelters was identical in the growth after stumping back.
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