Abstract
Pigs housed in commercial barns with slatted floors cannot fully perform their natural behavioral needs such as rooting or exploring. Enrichment materials can stimulate these behaviors in pigs. Here, we investigated whether exploration can be stimulated by offering additional enrichment material, i.e., chopped straw, once compared to four times daily. In two replicates each with four rearing and eight fattening pens, a total of 192 pigs with undocked tails continuously received chopped straw from a dispenser, while a stimulus to explore was given by filling the rooting area of the dispenser either once (R1) or four times (R4) daily with additional chopped straw. The dispensers were equipped with an ultra-high-frequency radio-frequency-identification (UHF-RFID) system in order to record the exploration durations of each individual pig at the dispenser. At four times throughout rearing and fattening, pigs were weighted and tail injuries and length losses were assessed. This resulted in three temporal sections within each replicate, for each of which the difference in tail length to the previous section (Δ-tail length) was calculated. Exploration durations did not change in long-term but increased from rearing throughout fattening. The refillings in which additional chopped straw was offered (R1 vs. R4) did not affect the overall exploration duration during rearing (linear mixed effects model (LME),P= 0.85) or fattening (LME,P= 0.66). However, descriptive evaluations showed that exploration durations decreased within the first 10-min sequences within the hour after refilling the rooting area with additional chopped straw in both treatments (R1 and R4). Exploration durations were affected by week, day, and hour within day during rearing (LME, all factors,P< 0.0001) and fattening (LME, all factors,P< 0.0001). Neither tail injuries nor length losses were affected by the refilling treatment (R1 vs. R4) during rearing (GLMM, bothP> 0.1) or fattening (GLMM, bothP> 0.1). Offering additional straw four times compared to once a day had no advantage in the present setting with regard to exploration duration and tail damages of pigs. However, refilling the rooting area with additional chopped straw triggered a short-term increase of exploration that decreased within 1 h, thus, exploration was more spread over the day.
Highlights
Most rearing and fattening pigs in the European Union are kept in commercial housing systems with slatted floors and barren pens (EFSA, 2007; Früh et al, 2013), where behavioral needs such as rooting, chewing and exploring often cannot adequately be satisfied
Data on exploration were automatically recorded via an UHF radio-frequency identification (RFID) system which was integrated into the dispenser
In case of tail biting, additional enrichment materials were offered and in case biters were identified they were separated from the group and housed in a separate pen
Summary
Most rearing and fattening pigs in the European Union are kept in commercial housing systems with slatted floors and barren pens (EFSA, 2007; Früh et al, 2013), where behavioral needs such as rooting, chewing and exploring often cannot adequately be satisfied. Enrichment material is highly recommended to facilitate exploration behavior in pigs (e.g., Van de Weerd et al, 2003; Studnitz et al, 2007). Due to the risk of clogging the manure pipes of the slurry system, farmers often avoid the use of long straw in barns with slatted floors As pigs explore both long and chopped straw with similar intensities (Lahrmann et al, 2015), the use of chopped straw offers an enrichment possibility for housing systems with slatted floors. Suitable plant-based enrichment material can lead to increased exploration durations, this does not necessarily result in a reduction of manipulative behaviors such as tail damages (Kauselmann et al, 2020, 2021b). Proper enrichment material should always be available in sufficient quantity allowing access to the material for all pigs motivated to root
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