The effects of pre-equilibrium emission and secondary decay on the determination of freeze-out volume at intermediate energies * *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11905018) and Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions of Shanxi Province, China (2019L0908)

Abstract

The effects of pre-equilibrium emission and secondary decay on the determination of the freeze-out volume are investigated using the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model accompanied by the statistical decay model GEMINI. Small-mass projectiles and large-mass targets with central collisions are studied at intermediate energies. It is revealed that the proton yields of pre-equilibrium emission are smaller than those of secondary decay. However, the determination of the freeze-out volume from the proton yields is more easily affected by pre-equilibrium emission. Moreover, the percentage of proton yields in the freeze-out stage is found to be approximately 50%.