Abstract
Speech from intelligent "cognitive agents" can vary along a machine-to-human spectrum, from very machine-like to very human-like [3,4]. Effective interaction with such agents may depend on whether they are trusted by human users. This study investigated properties of machine-like speech along a machine-to-human spectrum in order to identify those associated with higher trust. We first examined whether flanging (time delay) and pitch contour could be used to map a machine-to-human speech spectrum. We found that lower pitch range and greater time delay generated more machine-like speech. Subsequently we examined perceived trust levels for different sounds along the spectrum. We found that human-speech had higher ratings of trust than machine-like speech. Finally, we used the behavioral TNO Trust Task (T3) to examine trust and compliance levels with cognitive agents speaking in different voices. The results confirmed that participants complied with and trusted agents with human speech more than agents with machine-like speech.
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