The effects of pipe water smoking on endothelial function in healthy non smoker volunteers

Abstract

BackgroundWater pipe (WP) tobacco smoking is gaining wide popularity among young and middle aged males and females. Aim of the workThe aim of this study was to evaluate the immediate effect of 1st pipe water smoking on brachial Flow mediated dilatation% (FMD%) and Nitrate mediated dilatation% (NMD%) as markers of systemic endothelial function. MethodsThe present study comprised of 40 young healthy volunteers with no cardiovascular risk factors (the mean age 28 ± 5 years, males) randomized to either smoking (cigarette or pipe water) or not smoking in a crossover fashion. All the participants underwent a physical examination, laboratory analysis, Standard echocardiography, brachial artery FMD% = [(Dmax–Dbase)/Dbase] multiplied by 100 (%). and endothelium independent dilation (NMD%) = [(DNTG-Dbase)/Dbase] multiplied by 100 (%) were assessed with a high-resolution ultrasound probe and the arterial diameters before smoking, just after smoking, 1 h and 2 h after obtained. ResultsFMD% after 1 h of both water pipe and cigarette were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than FMD% of the base – line and normalized after 2 h. No differences in median NMD % values (p > 0.05). ConclusionOur findings confirm that even one time pipe water smoking is associated with systemic endothelial dysfunction comparable to cigarette smoking in young non-smoker volunteers with no cardiovascular disorders or risk factors.