Abstract
Scattering or transmission of sound from or through clouds of bubbles or schools of swim bladder bearing fish is a problem of considerable practical importance in acoustical oceanography that has received ongoing interest from the community for many years. Part of this interest is rooted in the fact that mutual acoustic interactions of the scatterers in the form of multiple scattering complicate the physics of the problem. In practice, this can be both a limitation, or, if physically well understood, an opportunity that can lead to more powerful inversion schemes. In this paper, several multiple scattering effects, such as collective resonance modes and frequency shifts are explored using an effective medium approach as well as direct forward numerical computations. While conceptually of great utility, analytically treated effective medium techniques are mostly limited to simple geometries. On the other hand, direct numerical computations from first principles can accommodate complex, realistic configurations of a large number of scatterers. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]
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