Abstract
At exactly the individual permitted EU-tolerance dietary limits, fumonisins (FB: 5 mg/kg diet) and mixed fusariotoxins (DZ: 0.9 mg deoxynivalenol + 0.1 mg zearalenone/kg diet, and FDZ: 5 mg fumonisins + 0.9 mg deoxynivalenol + 0.1 mg zearalenone/kg diet) were administered to piglets (n = 6/group) for three weeks. Bodyweights of intoxicated piglets increased, while feed conversion ratios decreased. In FDZ, both the absolute and relative weight of the liver decreased. In the renal-cellular membrane, the most pronounced alterations were in FDZ treatment, followed by individual FB exposure. In both treatments, high proportions of C20:0 and C22:0 with low fatty acid (FA) unsaturation were found. In hepatocyte phospholipids, FDZ toxins exerted antagonistic interactions, and FB had the strongest increasing effect on FA monounsaturation. Among all investigated organs, the spleen lipids were the least responsive, in which FDZ expressed synergistic reactions on C20:0 (↑ FDZ vs. FB) and C22:0 (↓ FDZ vs. DZ). The antioxidant defense of the kidney was depleted (↓ glutathione concentration by FB-exposure). Blood plasma indicated renal injury (profound increase of urea and creatinine in FB vs. DZ and FDZ). FB strongly increased total-cholesterol and low density lipoprotein concentrations, whereas FDZ synergistically increased gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline-phosphatase, calcium and phosphorus levels. Summarized, individual and combined multiple fusariotoxins modified the membrane lipid profile and antioxidant defense of splanchnic organs, and serum biochemicals, without retarding growth in piglets.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are the toxic secondary metabolites of fungi and toxigenic molds, and they represent global health and economic challenges that are estimated to increase due to global climate change [1]
Fusariotoxins are mainly produced by the large genus Fusarium, some other species can produce some of its toxins
The primary aim of our study was to investigate the interactive effects of fusariotoxins, at exactly the individual permitted levels of the 2006/576/EC [12], on the total phospholipid fatty acid (FA) profile of the liver, kidneys and spleen of weaned piglets and, to examine whether or not lipid modifications are related to oxidative stress
Summary
Mycotoxins are the toxic secondary metabolites of fungi and toxigenic molds, and they represent global health and economic challenges that are estimated to increase due to global climate change [1]. More than 400 toxic metabolites have been isolated and structurally characterized. Fusariotoxins are mainly produced by the large genus Fusarium (known for more than 100 years), some other species can produce some of its toxins. Their toxicity mechanism in animals is complex and varies according to species, organ and toxin type. Based on the fusariotoxins’ mode of action, health concerns have been investigated in swine and other species
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