Abstract
The restoration of floodplain grasslands has benefited from many studies of the underlying mechanisms. Among the operational tools that resulted, hay transfer is now used increasingly to alleviate the effects of limited seed dispersal and recruitment. To improve this method, we still need to understand how it can affect restoration trajectories, and particularly their direction and magnitude during the early stages of restoration. Based on concepts from the field of community ecology theory, we investigated the effects of early‐stage management through grazing or mowing on restoration trajectories after soil harrowing and hay transfer. We established a randomized block design experiment and quantified several community‐related metrics to formalize restoration trajectories for 3 years after hay transfer on a previously arable alluvial island in southwestern France. Whatever the management treatment, the species richness and evenness were significantly higher in hay‐inoculated than in control plots. This effect was linked to the recruitment of species originating not only from the reference grassland through hay transfer, but also from the seed bank, a well‐known effect of soil harrowing. Although generally oriented toward the reference grassland, the origin, direction, and magnitude of the trajectory of hay‐inoculated plots all depended on the management applied. Sheep grazing applied at the same time as hay transfer enhanced the recruitment of reference species as from the first experimental year, because it controlled aboveground competition and maintained the window of opportunity open for a sufficiently longer period of time. Our findings show that the type of management applied simultaneously to hay transfer influences the origin of a grassland trajectory, while its direction and magnitude are dependent on the management applied in subsequent years. Grazing immediately after hay transfer may be appropriate to accelerate the recruitment of species from the reference grassland.
Highlights
During recent decades in Europe, agriculture intensification has led to dramatic losses of natural and seminatural habitats (Henle et al, 2008; Tscharntke, Klein, Kruess, Steffan‐Dewenter, & Thies, 2005). This process started with the loss of pristine wetland habitats due to agricultural use and the construction of river embankment during past centuries, affecting the seminatural grasslands that resulted from traditional agricultural land use
One of the principal processes that affects restoration success is the limited dispersal and recruit‐ ment of plant seeds in a context of habitat fragmentation (Pywell et al, 2002; Woodcock, McDonald, & Pywell, 2011), after a long history of intensive agricultural practices that has reduced the number of floodplain grassland species seeds stored in the seed bank (Bischoff, Warthemann, & Klotz, 2009; Hedberg & Kotowski, 2010; Scotton, 2016)
The lowest evenness was recorded for the control management treat‐ ment in 2017, and the highest values were reached under the initial grazing and late mowing management treatments in 2017 (Table 1)
Summary
During recent decades in Europe, agriculture intensification has led to dramatic losses of natural and seminatural habitats (Henle et al, 2008; Tscharntke, Klein, Kruess, Steffan‐Dewenter, & Thies, 2005). One of the principal processes that affects restoration success is the limited dispersal and recruit‐ ment of plant seeds in a context of habitat fragmentation (Pywell et al, 2002; Woodcock, McDonald, & Pywell, 2011), after a long history of intensive agricultural practices that has reduced the number of floodplain grassland species seeds stored in the seed bank (Bischoff, Warthemann, & Klotz, 2009; Hedberg & Kotowski, 2010; Scotton, 2016) This has led to several restoration methods (Kiehl, 2010; Török, Vida, et al, 2011), among which hay transfer is being increasingly ap‐ plied and has the potential to be used worldwide (Albert et al, 2019; Coiffait‐Gombault, Buisson, & Dutoit, 2011; Hedberg & Kotowski, 2010; Klimkowska, Diggelen, Bakker, & Grootjans, 2007). For the sake of precision, several community‐related met‐ rics were used during this study
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