Abstract
The development of Li-ion batteries has enabled the re-entry of electric vehicles into the market. As car manufacturers strive to reach higher practical specific energies (550 Wh/kg) than what is achievable for Li-ion batteries, new alternatives for battery chemistry are being considered. Li-Sulfur batteries are of interest due to their ability to achieve the desired practical specific energy. The research presented in this paper focuses on the development of the Li-Sulfur technology for use in electric vehicles. The paper presents the methodology and results for endurance tests conducted on in-house manufactured Li-S cells under various accelerated ageing conditions. The Li-S cells were found to reach 80% state of health after 300–500 cycles. The results of these tests were used as the basis for discussing the second life options for Li-S batteries, as well as environmental Life Cycle Assessment results of a 50 kWh Li-S battery.
Highlights
The history of the electric vehicle (EV) is full of back and forth
With the market share of electric vehicles (EVs) increasing and EV adoption being widely debated [2], research related to EV energy consumption, environmental impact and economic impact has increased on a yearly basis [3]
The work presented here is focused on the analysis of the evolution of the capacity related to the State of Health (SoH) and the efficiency of the cells
Summary
The history of the electric vehicle (EV) is full of back and forth. It was born in the 19th century before the first internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), but was soon abandoned. Besides the choice of the strategy and stationary application to use, there are still other issues to consider before a positive revenue is generated from the defined business case, such as battery ownership and battery collection, among others [23,24] Battery performance is another aspect being considered for increased deployment of EVs. Not all Li-ion batteries are equal, differing in the chemical composition of the anode, cathode and doping elements to provide various performance characteristics, such as higher energy density, higher power density, longer lifespan or improved safety. This paper first presents the analysis of the Li-S battery ageing tests that were conducted on in-house manufactured Li-S cells (achieving around 300–500 cycles at 80% SoH) From these results, the second life options and possibilities are discussed together with the results for an environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study. Considered that have higher practical specific energy limits, such as Li-Sulfur (Li-S) [30], lithium air, and all-solid-state batteries [31]
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