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Abstract
It is known that various endocrine modulators, including leptin and ghrelin, have neuroprotective roles in neurological diseases. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipocytes and was originally identified as a gene related to obesity in mice. The leptin receptors in the hypothalamus are the main target for the homeostatic regulation of body weight. Recent studies have demonstrated that leptin receptors are also expressed in other regions of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. Accordingly, these studies identified the involvement of leptin in the regulation of neuronal survival and neural development. Furthermore, leptin has been shown to have neuroprotective functions in animal models of neurological diseases and demyelination. These observations also suggest that dysregulation of leptin signaling may be involved in the association between neurodegeneration and obesity. In this review, we summarize novel functions of leptin in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we focus on the emerging evidence for the role of leptin in non-neuronal cells in the CNS, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Understanding leptin-mediated neuroprotective signals and molecular mechanisms underlying remyelination will be helpful to establish therapeutic strategies against neurological diseases.
Highlights
Frontiers in NeuroscienceRecent studies have demonstrated that leptin receptors are expressed in other regions of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord
The endocrine hormone leptin was originally identified in 1994 and is composed of 167 amino acids
(Signore et al, 2008; Tang, 2008; Davis et al, 2014; Li et al, 2016), here we focus on the role of leptin signaling in nonneuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS), including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes
Summary
Recent studies have demonstrated that leptin receptors are expressed in other regions of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. These studies identified the involvement of leptin in the regulation of neuronal survival and neural development. Leptin has been shown to have neuroprotective functions in animal models of neurological diseases and demyelination. These observations suggest that dysregulation of leptin signaling may be involved in the association between neurodegeneration and obesity.
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