The Effects of Lattice Water on Free Radical Yields in X-Irradiated Crystalline Pyrimidines and Purines: A Low-Temperature Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Investigation

Abstract

The hydration layer of DNA increases the target size of DNA with respect to the formation of direct-type damage by ionizing radiation. The mechanisms that give rise to this increase are being investigated by EPR spectroscopy. To determine these mechanisms, it is necessary to distinguish between the change in sample mass and changes in packing/conformation brought about by the change in the level of hydration. Certain model compounds that crystallize as hydrates provide a system where the effects of mass and packing can be discerned. Three such hydrate crystals were used in this work: barbituric acid dihydrate (BA:2H2O), inosine dihydrate (IR:2H2O) and thymine monohydrate (T:H2O). The free radical yields (+/-25%) in the native crystals at 7-11 K are 0.08, 0.03 and 0.02, respectively. Removal of the lattice water leaves behind an ordered lattice and results in free radical yields of 0.08, 0.03 and < 0.004, respectively. Thus removal of the lattice water does not affect the free radical yield in BA:2H2O or IR:2H2O but decreases the free radical yield in T:H2O by an order of magnitude. Based on these observations and the known crystal packing, we conclude that the hydrogen bonding network is a major factor in determining the distribution and yield of trapped free radicals. We ascribe this to the importance of proton transfer processes which act to reduce the probability of radical combination. Consistent with this conclusion are the types of free radicals trapped in these crystalline materials before and after dehydration. From these results, we argue that a major determinant of free radical yields in solidstate samples of DNA constituents is molecular packing. In addition, the absence of HO. radicals trapped in single crystals of BA:2H2O provides an upper limit for the yield of trapped HO. of less than 10(-4) mumol/J. This supports the thesis that at < 77 K direct ionization of those waters associated directly with a pyrimidine or purine results in hole transfer to that molecule. Hydroxyl radical formation on a water adjacent to a DNA base is predicted to be negligible.