Abstract
Iodine is a necessary micronutrient and essential for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Iodine exposure may also occur as a result from iodine fortifications programs (through salt iodization, fortification of foods, or other routes), medications, dietary supplements, topical iodine antiseptics, radiographic iodinated contrast media, and other sources. Excess iodine exposure, particularly among individuals with underlying thyroid disease, has the potential for inducing hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction can be transient or permanent. With the exception of specific medical indications for the use of supraphysiologic iodine, excessive iodine ingestion and/or exposure should be avoided.
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