Abstract
Background: To explore the inflammation phenotypes following indoor pollutants exposure based on marker expression on eosinophils and neutrophils with the application of chemometric analysis approaches. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken among secondary school students in eight suburban and urban schools in the district of Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. The survey was completed by 96 students at the age of 14 by using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) and European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaires. The fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was measured, and an allergic skin prick test and sputum induction were performed for all students. Induced sputum samples were analysed for the expression of CD11b, CD35, CD63, and CD66b on eosinophils and neutrophils by flow cytometry. The particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), NO2, CO2, and formaldehyde were measured inside the classrooms. Results: Chemometric and regression results have clustered the expression of CD63 with PM2.5, CD11b with NO2, CD66b with FeNO levels, and CO2 with eosinophils, with the prediction accuracy of the models being 71.88%, 76.04%, and 76.04%, respectively. Meanwhile, for neutrophils, the CD63 and CD66b clustering with PM2.5 and CD11b with FeNO levels showed a model prediction accuracy of 72.92% and 71.88%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 was likely associated with the degranulation of eosinophils and neutrophils, following the activation mechanisms that led to the inflammatory reactions.
Highlights
Exposure to indoor pollutants are strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality, mainly among school children who spend most of their time in the classrooms [1]
The researchers observed that the total percentage of eosinophil count in the sputum samples was slightly higher in the doctor-diagnosed asthmatic children but not statistically different between the two groups (p > 0.05) (Table 1)
Cluster 1 showed an overall accuracy of 76.0% in predicting asthmatic children by using CD66b expression markers on the eosinophil and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels in relation to CO2 exposure
Summary
Exposure to indoor pollutants are strongly associated with increased morbidity and mortality, mainly among school children who spend most of their time in the classrooms [1]. Reports have shown that exposure to high concentration of particles, nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), ozone (O3 ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and fibres induce persistent airway inflammation, which is mediated by the immune system [2,3]. Biomarkers, such as fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators, enzymes, adhesion molecules, and other growth factors, Int. J. Results: Chemometric and regression results have clustered the expression of CD63 with PM2.5 , CD11b with NO2 , CD66b with FeNO levels, and CO2 with eosinophils, with the prediction accuracy of the models being 71.88%, 76.04%, and 76.04%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 was likely associated with the degranulation of eosinophils and neutrophils, following the activation mechanisms that led to the inflammatory reactions
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