Abstract
LiNixCoyMnz (NCM), one of the most promising candidates for high-capacity cathode materials in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), is synthesized with various amounts of Sn. Sn-incorporated NCM from the resynthesis of NMC in leach liquor containing Sn from spent LIBs is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, particle strength tests, and electrochemical tests. Sn-incorporated NCM has a globular form, and the uniform distribution of Sn inside cathode materials is confirmed. As Sn is introduced, the (003) diffraction peak tends to shift to a smaller angle and particle breaking strength increases. It is found that Sn-incorporated cathode active materials have better cycle performance and rate capability than pristine cathode active material although the discharge capacity slightly decreases. Because there is a trade-off between decreased discharge capacity and improved cycling and rate performance, the incorporation of Sn in resynthesized NCM should be carefully designed and conducted.
Highlights
Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most popular type of rechargeable batteries, as they have high energy, high power density, low memory effect, and low self-discharge rate [1]
An LIB is composed of an anode, a cathode (e.g., LiCoO2, LiMn2 O4, and LiNix Coy Mnz O2 (NCM)), current collectors, an organic electrolyte with Li-containing salts, and a separator [4,5]
Each secondary particle is an agglomerate of fine acicular primary particles
Summary
Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most popular type of rechargeable batteries, as they have high energy, high power density, low memory effect, and low self-discharge rate [1]. A large number of spent LIBs have surely been generated due to their limited life spans and the rapid rate at which electronic products are updated [3]. When spent LIBs are disposed of in a landfill or burned, heavy metals seep into groundwater, and a large volume of poisonous gas is generated. This situation could result in long-term environmental and public health problems [6]. Spent LIBs contain valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium. The recycling of spent LIBs could bring economic profits as well as environmental benefits [7].
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