The Effects of High versus Low Levels of Altruism and Volunteering on the 4-Year Follow-Up Cognitive Performance of Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objectives Currently, there is a growing interest on the benefits of volunteering. Nevertheless, there is scarce evidence for non-volunteering altruistic behaviors. This study aims to investigate the role of both altruism and volunteering on the cognitive performance of older individuals followed for four years. Methods This was cohort study carried out in 180 Brazilian older adults assessed in three different timepoints (baseline [2015–2016], 2 years of follow-up [2017–2018] and 4 years of follow-up [2019–2020]). Composite cognitive score was calculated based on the Mini-Mental State Examination, Verbal Fluency, Clock-Drawing test, and CERAD Word-List. Altruism was assessed through the Self-reported Altruism Scale and self-reported volunteering status. Mixed ANCOVAS were performed. Results For altruism, there were significant differences in all time points (Baseline, 2 years and 4 years) favoring higher cognitive scores for higher levels of altruism. However, no differences were observed for volunteering in all time points. Conclusions Having higher levels of altruism was significantly associated with better cognitive scores Clinical Implications Altruism, even without volunteering, seem to have positive effects on the cognitive functioning of older adults. Health professionals who take care of older adults might take account of the presence or absence of altruistic behaviors of their patients in their formulations and recommendations.