Abstract
Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value. Genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Transgenic technology deals with the integration of exogenous DNA into the plant genome using gene transfer technologies. Genetically modified (GM) crop plants contain artificially inserted gene (s) or “transgenes” from another unrelated plant or from a completely different species via advanced genetic engineering techniques. Transgenic crops do not present new categories of environmental risk compared to conventional methods of crop improvement. Transgenic plants can be generated using (1) biolistic technique where in the desired gene is coated on to either gold or tungsten particles are shot into plant cells using a gene-gun. The necessary criterion for this is that cells or plant tissues should be suitable for transformation permit regeneration of a whole plant thereafter. (2) The other major gene transfer technique makes use of the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, containing a tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid including virulence (vir) gene (s) and a transferred-DNA (T-DNA) region, in which genes of interest can be inserted. Generally the gene that transfer from other organism to the desired crop (GM) can cause different environmental risks like, generation of super weed, development of tolerance to target herbicide, loss of biodiversity and sustainable resistance in insect pests, through gene flow. These risks can be minimized using different molecular techniques such as, maternal inheritance, male sterility, cleistogamy and apomixes, genetic use restriction technologies, genome incompatibility, controlling gene expression and transgenic mitigation.
Highlights
Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value
[11] this paper aimed to review and document on the Current Molecular (Genetic) methods for minimizing risk of Genetically Modified crops on environment
Genetic use restriction technologies could be used for the environmental containment of transgenic seeds (V-GURT) or transgenes (T-GURT), solving or marginalizing one of the greatest concerns associated with Genetically modified (GM) crops
Summary
Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value. Modified (GM) plants, called transgenic plants, are designed to acquire useful quality attributes such as insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, a biotic stress tolerance, disease resistance, high nutritional quality, high yield potential, delayed ripening, enhanced ornamental value, male sterility, and production of edible vaccines. Another major goal for raising the GM plants is their application as bioreactors for the production of nutraceuticals, therapeutic agents, antigens, monoclonal antibody fragments biopolymers, and so forth [39]. Debates about the commercial introduction of GM plants in some parts of the world have led to questions about their potential impact on the environment unless necessary safeguards are taken into account [11] this paper aimed to review and document on the Current Molecular (Genetic) methods for minimizing risk of Genetically Modified crops on environment
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