Abstract
BackgroundOlder adults tend to experience difficulties in switching quickly between various reliable sensory inputs, which ultimately may contribute to an increased risk of falls and injuries. Sideward falls are the most frequent cause of hip fractures among older adults. Recently, exergame programs have been confirmed as beneficial tools for enhancing postural control, which can reduce the risk of falls. However, studies to explore more precisely which mechanism of exergaming directly influences older women’s ability to balance are still needed.ObjectiveOur aim was to evaluate, in a single-group pretest/posttest/follow-up usability study, whether Kinect exergame balance training might have a beneficial impact on the sensory reweighting in women aged over 60.MethodsA total of 14 healthy women (mean age 69.57 [SD 4.66] years, mean body mass index 26.21 [SD 2.6] kg/m2) participated in the study. The volunteers trained with the commercially available games of Kinect for Xbox 360 console 3 times (30 minutes/session) a week over a 6-week period (total of 18 visits). Participants’ postural sway in both the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions was recorded with NeuroCom Balance Master 6.0. To assess and measure postural sensory reweighting, the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance was used, where volunteers were exposed to various changes in visual (eyes open or eyes closed) and surface conditions (firm or foam surface).ResultsIn the ML direction, the Kinect exergame training caused a significant decrease in the sway path on the firm surface with the eyes open (P<.001) and eyes closed (P=.001), and on the foam surface with the eyes open (P=.001) and eyes closed (P<.001) conditions compared with baseline data. The follow-up measurements when compared with the baseline data showed a significant change in the sway path on the firm surface with the eyes open (P<.001) and eyes closed (P<.001) conditions, as well as on the foam surface with the eyes open (P=.003) and eyes closed (P<.001) conditions. Besides, on the firm surface, there were no significant differences in sway path values in the AP direction between the baseline and the posttraining measurements (eyes open: P=.49; eyes closed: P=.18). Likewise, on the foam surface, there were no significant differences in sway path values in the AP direction under both eyes open (P=.24) and eyes closed (P=.84) conditions.ConclusionsThe improved posturography measurements of the sway path in the ML direction might suggest that the Kinect exergame balance training may have effects on sensory reweighting, and thus on the balance of women aged over 60. Based on these results, Kinect exergaming may provide a safe and potentially useful tool for improving postural stability in the crucial ML direction, and thus it may help reduce the risk of falling.
Highlights
Slipping, tumbling, or any other kind of an unintentional loss of balance, which results in a fall and subsequent hospitalization due to injury, is a serious global concern for people over the age of 60 according to the World Health Organization [1].It has been shown that age-related deficits can manifest in cognitive function [2], in neuromuscular control mechanisms [3,4], and in the following 3 sensory systems: the visual [5], the somatosensory [6], and the vestibular [7]
In the ML direction, the Kinect exergame training caused a significant decrease in the sway path on the firm surface with the eyes open (P
On the foam surface, there were no significant differences in sway path values in the AP direction under both eyes open (P=.24) and eyes closed (P=.84) conditions
Summary
Slipping, tumbling, or any other kind of an unintentional loss of balance, which results in a fall and subsequent hospitalization due to injury, is a serious global concern for people over the age of 60 according to the World Health Organization [1].It has been shown that age-related deficits can manifest in cognitive function [2], in neuromuscular control mechanisms [3,4], and in the following 3 sensory systems: the visual [5], the somatosensory [6], and the vestibular [7]. Various studies have shown that older individuals have a tendency to use proprioception rather than visual and vestibular cues for postural motor control. This dependence on the proprioceptive system increases with age [3,8]. According to previous studies [10,11], adults tend to experience difficulties in switching quickly between various reliable sensory inputs, which may contribute to an increased risk of falls. Older adults tend to experience difficulties in switching quickly between various reliable sensory inputs, which may contribute to an increased risk of falls and injuries. Studies to explore more precisely which mechanism of exergaming directly influences older women’s ability to balance are still needed
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