Abstract
Changes associated with cognitive function in the high-fat high-carbohydrate diet-induced prediabetes animal model and effect of exercise remain unclear. Rats were randomly assigned to the following groups (n = 6): non-diabetic (ND), prediabetic (PD), intermittent exercising PD (PD + IE) and regular exercising PD (PD + RE). After exercise cessation, oral glucose tolerance (OGT), Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) and Morris-Water Maze (MWM) tests were performed to assess cognitive function. After sacrifice, malonaldehyde, glutathione peroxidase, interleukin-1β and dopamine concentration in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus were measured. Impaired OGT response in PD animals was accompanied by poor performance on behavioural tasks. This was associated with increased oxidative stress markers and impaired dopamine neurotransmission as evidence by elevated dopamine concentration in the PFC and hippocampal tissue. Improved OGT response by exercise was coupled with improved performance on behavioural tasks, oxidative stress markers and increased interleukin-1β concentration. In regular exercise, this was further coupled with improved dopamine neurotransmission. Cognitive function was affected during prediabetes in animals. This was partly due to oxidative stress and impaired dopamine neurotransmission. Both intermittent and regular exercise improved cognitive function. This was partly mediated by improved glucose tolerance and oxidative stress as well as a subclinical increase in interleukin-1β concentration. In regular exercise, this was further mediated by improved dopamine neurotransmission.
Highlights
Changes associated with cognitive function in the high-fat high-carbohydrate diet-induced prediabetes animal model and effect of exercise remain unclear
Findings of the present study demonstrate that the metabolic derangements following prolonged ingestion of an high-fat high carbohydrate (HFHC) diet in prediabetic and sedentary animals were accompanied by metabolic, behavioural and brain changes associated with impaired cognitive function
The present study shows that changes in glucose tolerance correlated with changes in Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) and Morris-Water Maze (MWM) task suggesting a link between glucose tolerance and cognitive function
Summary
Changes associated with cognitive function in the high-fat high-carbohydrate diet-induced prediabetes animal model and effect of exercise remain unclear. Improved OGT response by exercise was coupled with improved performance on behavioural tasks, oxidative stress markers and increased interleukin-1β concentration In regular exercise, this was further coupled with improved dopamine neurotransmission. Abbreviations BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene DI Discrimination index DA Dopamine GPx1 Glutathione peroxidase HFHC High-fat high-carbohydrate IL-1β Interleukin-1β PD + IE Intermittently exercising PD MDA Malonaldehyde MWM Morris-Water maze nAChR Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ND Non-diabetic NORT Novel object recognition test ANOVA One-way analysis of variance OGT Oral glucose tolerance PD Prediabetic PFC Prefrontal cortex RI Recognition index PD + RE Regularly exercising PD TBA Thiobarbituric acid. In our laboratory, prolonged ingestion of a high-fat high carbohydrate (HFHC) diet led to the development of prediabetes and its related derangements in relatively sedentary animals[15] These derangements include hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertension. Identifying if the cognitive problems start to happen as early as at a prediabetes state following ingestion of an HFHC diet can open avenues to effectively curb cognitive problems as early as possible
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