Abstract
The Tarim River Basin in Xinjiang, China, has a typical desert riparian forest ecosystem. Analysis of the resilience of this type of ecosystem under extreme drought conditions and ecological rehabilitation projects could provide a theoretical basis for understanding ecosystem stability and resistance, and provide new ecological rehabilitation measures to improve ecosystem resilience. We employed a quantitative framework to assess net primary productivity (NPP) resilience, emphasizing four aspects of NPP dynamics: NPP, NPP stability, NPP resistance, and maximum NPP potential. We compared ecosystem resilience across four time periods: before the implementation of ecological rehabilitation projects (1990–2000), during construction and partial implementation of ecological rehabilitation projects (2001–2012), during the initial project stage of ecological rehabilitation (2013–2015), and during the late project stage of ecological rehabilitation (2016–2018). There are three main finding of this research. (1) Mean NPP was increased significantly from 2013 and was decreased from 2016, especially in the main stream of the Tarim River and in the basins of eight of its nine tributary rivers. (2) Ecosystem resilience in 2013–2018 was greater than in 1990–2012, with the greatest NPP stability, mean NPP and NPP resistance, especially in part one of the river basin (the Aksu River, the Weigan-Kuche River, the Dina River, the Kaidu-Konqi River, and the main stream of the Tarim River). Ecosystem resilience in 2001–2012 was lowest when compared to 1990–2000 and 2013–2018, with lowest mean NPP, NPP stability, NPP resistance and maximum NPP potential, particularly in part two of the river basin (the Kashigr River, the Yarkand River and the Hotan River basins). Therefore, part one was most affected by ecological restoration projects. When 2013–2018 was divided into two distinct stages, 2013–2015 and 2016–2018, resilience in the latter stage was the lowest, with lowest mean NPP, NPP resistance and maximum NPP potential, especially in the main stream of the Tarim River. This may be due to unreasonable water conveyance in 2014–2015. (3) Ecological resilience has increased significantly in 2013–2015 after the implementation of ecological water transfer projects, river regulation, and natural vegetation enclosure projects. Ecosystem resilience could continue to increase even more in the future with the continued implementation of reasonable ecological water transfer projects.
Highlights
Climate change and the intensification of human activities have led to serious external disturbances to ecosystems, including drought[1,2], short-term climate anomalies[3,4,5], lack of resources[6,7], species invasion[7], and fire[8]
Frazier et al.[25] analyzed total primary productivity (TPP), Ponce Campos et al.[24] analyzed the sensitivity of the above-ground net primary production (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems to altered hydroclimatic conditions to reflect ecosystem resilience, Kahiluoto et al.[26] and Li et al.[2] used crop yield data to study the resilience of crops to climatic disturbances, and Li et al.[27] analyzed gymnosperm resilience using tree ring data
To help understand this change, we propose a framework to compare the impacts of ecological management on NPP resilience by referring to the research of Li et al.[2], which explored agro-ecosystem resilience by analyzing yield stability and resistance according to yield change
Summary
Climate change and the intensification of human activities have led to serious external disturbances to ecosystems, including drought[1,2], short-term climate anomalies[3,4,5], lack of resources[6,7], species invasion[7], and fire[8]. Driven by regional population growth and economic development, the large-scale exploitation of water and land resources has led to the year-round cessation of the course of the Tarim River, causing Lake Titema to dry up, the groundwater level to drop significantly, the desert riparian forest ecosystem to degenerate, and the vegetation to decline[17]. To restore this severely damaged ecosystem, the local governments have invested and implemented various ecological rehabilitation engineering measures with remarkable ecological restoration b enefits[18]. This approach provides a strong foundation for future analysis of resilience across different ecological management types and provides insights into the design of sustainable ecological management measures that go beyond NPP maximization to consider resilience
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