Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Cordyceps sinensis extract (CSE) and Gymnema inodorum extract (GIE), used alone and combined, on antiadipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Oil Red O staining was used to examine the effects of these extracts on inhibition of intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and on lipid droplet morphology. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy was used to examine biomolecular changes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The pancreatic lipase assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of CSE and GIE on pancreatic lipase activity. Taken together, the results indicated that CSE, GIE, and their combination suppressed lipid accumulation. The FTIR microspectroscopy results indicated that CSE, GIE, and their combination had inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation in the adipocytes. Compared with the untreated adipocytes, the signal intensity and integrated areas of glycogen and other carbohydrates, the acyl chain of phospholipids, and the lipid/protein ratios of the CSE, GIE, alone, and combined treated adipocytes were significantly lower (p < 0.05). Combination treatment resulted in a synergistic effect on lipid accumulation reduction in the adipocytes. Principal component analysis of the biomolecular changes revealed six distinct clusters in the FTIR spectra of the sample cells. The pancreatic lipase assay results indicated that CSE and GIE inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner (mean ± standard error of the mean IC50 values, 2312.44 ± 176.55 μg mL−1 and 982.24 ± 44.40 μg mL−1, resp.). Our findings indicated that FTIR microspectroscopy has potential application for evaluation of the effectiveness of medicinal plants and for the development of infrared biochemical obesity markers useful for treating patients with obesity. These results suggested that use of CSE and GIE alone and in combination may be efficacious as a complementary therapy for hyperlipidemia and obesity management. However, clinical trials in animals and humans must first be completed.
Highlights
The incidence of obesity has been increasing steadily in developed and developing countries worldwide
The results of the preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening tests of C. sinensis and G. inodorum indicated that they contained flavonoids
The results indicated that the integrated areas for the glycogen and other carbohydrate regions in the preadipocyte and SIM, Cordyceps sinensis extract (CSE), Gymnema inodorum extract (GIE), and CSE plus GIE (CSE/GIE) combination-treated adipocyte groups were significantly smaller than the untreated adipocyte groups
Summary
The incidence of obesity has been increasing steadily in developed and developing countries worldwide. Excessive fat accumulation that increases the risk of adverse health effects is one definition of obesity. Obesity is implicated as a risk factor for various diseases (e.g., hypertension, coronary heart disease, and type II diabetes) [2, 3]. Despite the unavoidable progression of this disease and the positive effects of some medications on body weight reduction and alleviation of numerous cardiometabolic complications, large numbers of approved and wholesaled antiobesity drugs have been withdrawn due to serious adverse effects [4]. Phytochemicals present in plants traditionally used for medicinal purposes have the potential for use as newer therapeutics for obesity and other metabolic diseases [5]
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