Abstract
Climate change may lead to more intense and frequent flooding. Alternanthera philoxeroides is a perennial that grows rapidly in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. However, there is a lack of information about whether this species survive or not under flooded conditions, especially when completely submerged. In this study, the effect of submergence at depths of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 m on the growth of A. philoxeroides was investigated. The results showed that submergence decreased the growth of A. philoxeroides but allowed 100% survival. Because of increased shoot length when submerged at the 0.5 m depth for 2 weeks, 62.5% of plants grew above the water. Elongation of shoots and internodes, higher specific leaf area ratio, the leaf weight ratio and stem diameters, development of new leaves (not at depths deeper than 1.0 m), and adventitious roots at all depths were tolerance strategies of A. philoxeroides in response to submergence. These strategies suggest that this species is highly tolerant to flooding even when it is completely submerged at 3.0 m depth. This may contribute greatly to the invasiveness of A. philoxeroides and make it very adaptable to habitats that are heavily disturbed (such as by flooding).
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