Abstract
Exercise has beneficial effects on our health by stimulating metabolic activation of skeletal muscle contraction. Caffeine is a powerful metabolic stimulant in the skeletal muscle that has ergogenic effects, including enhanced muscle power output and endurance capacity. In the present study, we aim to characterize the metabolic signatures of contracting muscles with or without caffeine stimulation using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Isolated rat epitrochlearis muscle was incubated in the presence or absence or of 3 mM caffeine for 30 min. Electrical stimulation (ES) was used to induce tetanic contractions during the final 10 min of incubation. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis detected 184 distinct metabolites across three experimental groups—basal, ES, and ES with caffeine (ES + C). Significance Analysis of Microarray identified a total of 50 metabolites with significant changes in expression, and 23 metabolites significantly changed between the ES and ES + C groups. Changes were observed in metabolite levels of various metabolic pathways, including the pentose phosphate, nucleotide synthesis, β-oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and amino acid metabolism. In particular, D-ribose 5-phosphate, IMP, O-acetylcarnitine, butyrylcarnitine, L-leucine, L-valine, and L-aspartate levels were higher in the ES + C group than in the ES group. These metabolic alterations induced by caffeine suggest that caffeine accelerates contraction-induced metabolic activations, thereby contributing to muscle endurance performance and exercise benefits to our health.
Highlights
Exercise contributes to health benefits by reducing the risk of several chronic diseases
We have recently demonstrated that caffeine increases the maximal capacity of contraction-stimulated AMPK activation and glucose transport in rat skeletal muscles [6]
principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical distinguished on theanalysis principal component (PC)by2,liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
Summary
Exercise contributes to health benefits by reducing the risk of several chronic diseases. These effects are partly attributed to metabolic alterations that occur in contracting skeletal muscles. Exercise enhances muscle insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function by stimulating master metabolic regulators, such as 50 -AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sirtuin 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α [1,2]. Recent evidence has suggested that secreted myokines from contracting skeletal muscles have positive effects on metabolic disorders [3]. Caffeine is a powerful metabolic stimulant in the skeletal muscle. In vitro caffeine treatment of the skeletal muscle promotes insulin-independent glucose transport [4,5,6,7,8], fatty acid oxidation [8,9], Ca2+
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