Abstract
Purpose:To investigate the relationship between stereoacuity and factors associated with anisometropic amblyopia in children aged 4–8 years.Methods:44 participants had their stereoacuity thresholds measured using the Frisby Near Stereotest (FNS) and the TNO Randot Stereotest (TNO). Participants were divided into anisometropic amblyopes and controls (normal uniocular visual acuity (VA) with or without glasses). FNS and TNO stereoacuity thresholds were compared based on different factors, which included interocular acuity difference (IAD), VA levels, and the degree of anisometropia.Results:All 44 participants achieved better stereoacuity with the FNS compared to the TNO (p = 0.045). The control group performed significantly better on the FNS (p = 0.012) and the TNO (p = 0.009) when compared with anisometropic amblyopes. The only statistically significant correlation was found between stereoacuity – as measured with FNS – and IAD (p = 0.009). However, the TNO showed a correlation in the presence of poor VA, larger IADs and a high degree of anisometropia.Conclusions:Stereoacuity thresholds are significantly affected by poor VA, large IAD and high degrees of spherical anisometropia when trying to distinguish the resolution of a target with the TNO yet the same factors do not appear to affect ability to distinguish the disparity of a target with the FNS. Controls also performed worse on the TNO.
Highlights
Amblyopia has been defined as “a unilateral or bilateral decrease of vision which persists after correction of the refractive error and removal of any pathological obstacles to vision” (Ansons & Davis, 2014: 285), and has been estimated to affect 1–4% of children (Kvarnström, Jakobsson, Lennerstrand, 2002; Eibschitz-Tsimhoni et al, 2000).Anisometropia is one of the main causes of amblyopia, characterised by a difference in interocular refractive error (Awadein & Fakhry, 2011; Sapkota, 2014; Bhatia & Pratap, 1976; Brooks, Johnson & Fischer, 1996)
* Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, GB † University of Sheffield, GB Corresponding author: Aishat Ateiza and anisometropic amblyopia is present before the age of 3 (Donahue, 2005), we would still expect coarse stereopsis to be affected to some degree in the presence of anisometropic amblyopia
Ethical approval was obtained from the Northern Ireland Research Ethics Committee (REC Reference: 15/NI/0260) and permission was gained from the Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust (MYHT)
Summary
Amblyopia has been defined as “a unilateral or bilateral decrease of vision which persists after correction of the refractive error and removal of any pathological obstacles to vision” (Ansons & Davis, 2014: 285), and has been estimated to affect 1–4% of children (Kvarnström, Jakobsson, Lennerstrand, 2002; Eibschitz-Tsimhoni et al, 2000).Anisometropia is one of the main causes of amblyopia, characterised by a difference in interocular refractive error (Awadein & Fakhry, 2011; Sapkota, 2014; Bhatia & Pratap, 1976; Brooks, Johnson & Fischer, 1996). Amblyopia has been defined as “a unilateral or bilateral decrease of vision which persists after correction of the refractive error and removal of any pathological obstacles to vision” (Ansons & Davis, 2014: 285), and has been estimated to affect 1–4% of children (Kvarnström, Jakobsson, Lennerstrand, 2002; Eibschitz-Tsimhoni et al, 2000). Coarse stereopsis, produced by large retinal disparities can be appreciated in the presence of amblyopia, and matures by around 4 years of age. Fine stereoacuity continues to mature after four years of age (Leske, Birch & Holmes, 2006; Giaschi et al, 2013a). If this is the case and anisometropic amblyopia is present before the age of 3 (Donahue, 2005), we would still expect coarse stereopsis to be affected to some degree in the presence of anisometropic amblyopia
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