Abstract
This study focuses on the effects of an aluminosilicate additive on the fate of potassium during biomass combustion. Such additives have shown some success in mitigating slagging and fouling problems in boilers and furnaces, and the mobility of potassium in combustion systems is one of the key factors dictating ash behaviour. To investigate this, a flame emission spectroscopy technique was used to evaluate the differences in the gas-phase potassium release profiles during the combustion of 5 mm diameter pellets of different biomass suspended in a methane-air flame. The biomass pellets were evaluated with various mixes of an aluminosilicate based additive (5, 15 and 25 wt%). Potassium emission detection, coupled with high speed video of the combustion process, indicated that potassium evolves over the three stages of volatile combustion (a sharp peak in the emission profile), char combustion (a broader peak) and “ash cooking” (a very broad peak over an extended period, long after the end of combustion). In the absence of additive, the three biomass studied (softwood, wheat straw, olive residue) behaved quite differently in terms of potassium release profiles. When the results are normalized for the amount of potassium in the fuel, it is clear that a large fraction of potassium enters the gas phase during the volatile and char combustion of the softwood. Olive residue, releases a lower fraction of potassium during the volatile and char combustion stages, indicating that more potassium is fixed in the ash. In contrast, wheat straw shows a release of potassium during combustion, and then, after a period of “ash cooking”, a substantial gradual release with continued exposure to hot combustion gases. The difference in the emission profiles can be interpreted in terms of the K:Cl ratios and the K:(Si + Al) ratios: high chlorine and/or low (Si + Al) facilitates the release of KCl or KOH to the gas phase, while high (Si + Al) helps to fix K in the solid phase. The addition of the aluminosilicate additive shows a clear reduction in the potassium released from all the biomass pellets, particularly during the char-oxidation and “ash cooking” stages, and the level of additive required is related to the amount of K in the biomass. The potassium emission experiments were complemented by laboratory-scale preparation of ash at different temperatures, and detection of residual potassium in the ash using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). These results validated the findings and quantified the higher fractions of potassium retained within the ash when additives are used. For the wood ash 70–100% of K is retained in the ash in the presence of additive; for the wheat straw, this figure is 60–80% and for the olive pellets it is 70–100%.
Highlights
The combustion of biomass fuels for power generation results in the formation of major flue gas constituents and the partitioning of inorganic components, such as K, Na, Ca, P, Fe, S, N and Cl
Amounts of potassium present in biomass can vary substantially depending on the biomass type, for example the types of biomass used by this study: wood pellets, wheat straw and olive cake are typically composed of 0.1 wt%, 1 wt% and 3 wt% potassium, respectively [1]
The use of biomass as a solid fuel for power generation has known slagging and fouling problems associated with the high potassium content of some biomass types
Summary
The combustion of biomass fuels for power generation results in the formation of major flue gas constituents and the partitioning of inorganic components, such as K, Na, Ca, P, Fe, S, N and Cl. Potassium is an essential nutrient for plant growth and is present in higher quantities in most solid biomass fuels than in fossil fuels. Small amounts (< 10%) of potassium in biomass fuels are bound to the organic structures within biomass such as hemicellulose, usually via hydroxyl or carboxyl groups or other oxygen containing groups [2,3] These organic structures decompose during the low temperatures of volatile combustion (200–500 °C) [4,5,6,7] resulting in the potential release of potassium into the gas phase. The remaining potassium plays a key role in char formation [9,10,11] and some is released during the char combustion stage at temperatures above 600 °C [5,6,11,12,13], which can be described by an evaporation model [11,12,13]
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