The Effects of Abutment Materials on Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Integration: A Study in Minipigs.

Abstract

To evaluate, in a minipig model, the soft tissue integration of four different transmucosal materials, as well as the peri-implant bone remodeling. A total of 40 implants were placed in five minipigs in a single stage surgery, and two of each of the following abutment materials were used in each animal: (1) titanium (Ti; control), (2) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), (3) zirconia (Zi), and (4) veneering ceramic (VC). After a healing period of 3 months, the samples were collected and subjected to nondecalcified histology. The soft tissue dimensions (sulcus, junctional epithelium, and connective tissue attachment) were assessed on each abutment and the distance from the implant margin to first bone-to-implant contact (BIC) was measured. The mean biological width-characterized by the sum of junctional epithelium and connective tissue measurements-was 3.8 (0.6) mm and no statistically significant difference was found between the four groups (p = 0.41). However, a long junctional epithelium (3.3-3.8 mm) and a very short connective tissue attachment (0.1-0.2 mm) were observed with all abutments. The measured peri-implant bone remodeling was similar in all four groups (p = 0.88). Within its limitations, this study showed that all tested materials allowed soft tissue integration, consisting of a long junctional epithelium, extending close to the bone level, and a rather short portion of connective tissue.