Abstract
BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that sodium bicarbonate ingestion may enhance intense exercise performance, but may also cause severe gastrointestinal distress. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a modified sodium bicarbonate (SB) ingestion protocol would elevate serum bicarbonate concentration more than previous methods without causing gastrointestinal distress.MethodsIn randomized order, seven (5 men, 2 women) elite middle-distance runners ingested either placebo, Modified SB (600 mg·kg− 1 over 19.5 h), or Acute SB (300 mg·kg− 1) in opaque gelatin capsules. Baseline and post-ingestion blood samples were analyzed for bicarbonate, pH, sodium, hematocrit, and lactate. Repeated measures ANOVA (2 time points × 3 conditions) were analyzed to determine differences in serum bicarbonate, lactate, sodium, blood pH, and hematocrit. Gastrointestinal distress was assessed via self-report on a Likert scale of 1–10. Simple (condition) and repeated (time) within-participant contrasts were used to determine the location of any statistically significant main and interaction effects (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsBoth Modified SB (7.6 mmol·L− 1, p < 0.01) and Acute SB (5.8 mmol·L− 1, p < 0.01) increased serum bicarbonate concentration compared to the placebo (p ≤ 0.05). Post-ingestion serum bicarbonate concentration was significantly higher for the Modified SB (34.7 ± 2.2 mmol·L− 1, 28.0% increase) trials than the Acute SB (33.5 ± 2.0 mmol·L− 1, 20.9% increase) trials (p = 0.05). There was no reported severe GI distress in the Modified SB trials, but two cases in the Acute SB trials.ConclusionsModified SB elevated serum bicarbonate concentration more than Acute SB, without any severe gastrointestinal side effects. Consequently, it is recommended that future experimentation involving SB by researchers and athletes use the novel ingestion protocol described in this study due to its potential for improved effectiveness and reduced gastrointestinal impact.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov,NCT03813329. Registered 23 January 2019 - Retrospectively registered,
Highlights
Sodium bicarbonate has been shown to increase blood alkalosis and bicarbonate levels, as well as exercise capacity [1–3]
One systematic review had found that SB ingestion was one of the most effective ergogenic aids for middle distance running [5], whereas a more recent systematic review found that sodium bicarbonate was found to be an effective ergogenic aid in 11 out of 20 randomized controlled trials of performance lasting less than 4 minutes [6]
It was hypothesized that this novel protocol would significantly elevate serum bicarbonate concentration and produce less GI distress than typical acute SB ingestion
Summary
Sodium bicarbonate has been shown to increase blood alkalosis and bicarbonate levels, as well as exercise capacity [1–3]. Several studies have investigated the effect of sodium bicarbonate (SB) ingestion on exercise performance [4], with mostly equivocal findings. Most studies of the effects of SB on performance have administered a standard acute dosages of sodium bicarbonate (300 mg·kg− 1 body weight), which may cause gastrointestinal (GI) distress [8–10] and potentially minimize any ergogenic effect of the bicarbonate ingestion [11]. Previous studies have shown that sodium bicarbonate ingestion may enhance intense exercise performance, but may cause severe gastrointestinal distress. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a modified sodium bicarbonate (SB) ingestion protocol would elevate serum bicarbonate concentration more than previous methods without causing gastrointestinal distress
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