The effects Of 50 Hz, 0.6 mT extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic field (EMF) on proliferation of the prostate cancer cell line, DU-145

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is the main mineral component in the bones and teeth of mammals. It is the hardest and toughest mineral material in the phosphate family. HAP nanomaterials with various shapes (i.e., granular, rod-shaped, fibrous, flake-shaped, and tubular) can be easily synthesized by various methods, such as hydrothermal, mechanochemical, and sol-gel methods. HAP is similar to clay minerals in that it also has excellent stability, reinforcing properties, carrier properties, and biocompatibility. The cations and anions in the crystal structure can be changed by ion exchange, which causes it to exhibit diverse performance. In recent years, the synthesis and application of HAP have received extensive attention and made great progress. This chapter introduces in detail the basic structure, properties, synthesis, modification of hydroxyapatite, and its potential applications in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, polymer materials, biomedical materials, and nanopapers. Although HAP is not strictly a clay mineral, its unique nanomaterial properties give it many advantages in biomedical materials that other materials cannot match. In this book, we also aim to appeal topeople to pay attention to not only clay mineral, but also note that HAP has a similar performance and usage as that of clay minerals. It was expected that the synergy of clay minerals and HAP would provide a new idea to develop better nanofunctional materials, especially in the biomedical industry.