Abstract
Abstract Headwater refugia were evaluated for their effectiveness in mitigating the loss of Plecoptera populations after carbaryl spraying of adjacent forests for spruce budworm control. Plecoptera densities in leaf litter of streams sprayed their entire length were compared to Plecontera in unsprayed streams and streams where only downstream reaches received spray. The number of individuals in leaf litter was highest at unsprayed sites and lowest at sites on streams sprayed their entire length. Significant repopulation occurred in streams with upstream refugia, but the subsequent Plecoptera populations differed in density and composition compared to unsprayed streams. Refugia did not effectively mitigate the decimated Plecoptera populations caused by carbaryl contamination because repopulation was slow and incomplete.
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